Bio 120 Test 2- Lab

List the steps of the scientific method

1. Observation

2. Questioin

3. Hypothesis

4. Testing Hypothesis (Experimental manipulation/Correlational study)

5. Data collection

6. Data analysis

7. See if data supports/deny hypothesis

8. Communicate data/revise hypothesis

What is the purpose of the scientific method?

Using it as a tool to objectively study natural phenomena

Define hypothesis

STATEMENT that propposes a relationship between 1 or 1+ factors and the observed phenomenon. Influenced bt prior knowledge and experience. Testable

They can NEVER be proven ONLY disproven

Define null hypothesis

Rejects support for hypothesis. Proposed relationship does NOT have an effect. Experiments can only FAIL or ACCEPT null hypothesis

Define experimental manipulations

Using artificial manipulation to investigate relationship between one factor + other

Define correlational studies

Using NATURAL variation/observing nature to see the relationship between one factor + other. Does not have indpendednt/dependednt variables

Distinguish between indpendent/dependent/control variable

Independent: Variable that is being manipulated
Dependent: Varaible that is affected by the manipulated variable
Control: Reference to measure effect of manipulated variable by comparing control with the manipulated group

Define confounding variable

Factors that researcher failed to control.elimate which affects the validity of experiment (less accurate)

List the advantages of a correlational study

1. Less handling time of org

2. System under study = more likely to reflect natural state

3. Represnts actual biological relevant variations

4. More ethical than experimental as it is not actively controlling variables/environment

List the advantages of a experimental manipulation

1. More likely to control confounding variables

2. More certainity on reason of causation due to manipulated variables

Define theory

Explanation of natural [phenomen that is proven consistnely true in manny different experiemnts. Universally valid although they are under constant chance of change as science is never absolute

Define adaptations for viability

Traits that help with success in survival + gaining food

Define adaptations for compettion for mates

Traits that help with securing mate for successful reproduction

List the 5 different types of adaptations for viability

1. Locomotion (movement)

2. Predator/parasite avoidance

3. Food aquisition

4. Shelter construction

5. Tolerance of ambient conditions (heat/cold/drought/etc.)

List 3 examples of adaptations for viability

1. Camouflage: Less visible to predators/prey

2. Life in water: Aquatic locomotion

3. Feeding: Particular diets via mouthparts

Define reaction norm

Pattern/range of phenotype in diff environments

Distinguish between constitutive defense and induced defense

Constitutive: Always present

Induced: Produced after attack/injury