Forms of Prejudice Oppression

PSYC480A

Xenophobia

Fear or dislike of people who are perceived as being foreign or strange (aka the fear of strangers)

Immigrants

Born outside the 50 US states, DC, Puerto Rico, or other US territories

Naturalized Citizens

Immigrants who were lawful permanent residents and have taken the US citizenship oath to become US citizens

First generation

Born outside the US and territories; immigrated at age 18 or older

1.5 Generation

Born outside the US and territories; immigrated before age 18

Second Generation

Born in the US or territories; at least one foreign-born parent

Third Generation

Born in the US or territories; grandchildren of immigrants

Perpetual Foreigner

A form of racism and xenophobia where citizens or long-term residents (particularly Asian Americans and Latin Americans), are presumed to be foreigners regardless of their citizenship or duration of US residency

Pew Research Center 2023 Report

1/3 of Asian Americans have been told to return to their home country, 68% had their name mispronounced, etc

Ageism

Prejudice, discrimination, or stereotyping against individuals based on their age. It can affect people of any age, but it most commonly targets older adults.

Kemper (1994)

Study on nursing home caregivers: using simple, short sentences; repeating sentence; speaking slowly

Caporael (1981)

Study on secondary baby talk: only difference between primary baby talk and secondary baby talk is the content

Allen et al. (2022)

93.4% reported regularly experiencing ageism in everyday life

Internalized ageism over 80%

Ageism was associated with increase in health conditions with internalized ageism being associated with the greatest increase in risk

Coudin and Alexopoulos (2010): Effect of Aging-Related Stereotypes

Found that healthy, independent older adults (those in their 70s-80s) behaved more dependently when exposed to aging stereotypes

Nelson (2005)

Discusses ageism

Terror Management Perspective

Elderly individuals present an existential threat for younger individuals

Cultural Differences in Ageism

Ageism is NOT a universal phenomenon

Juvenile Ageism

Prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination directed at an individual based on their youth (e.g., dismissing opinions, perception of lack of experience, maturity, or skills)

Heterosexism

Discrimination, bias, or prejudice in favor of heterosexual relationships and identities while marginalizing or devaluing non-heterosexual orientations

PEW Research Center (2013) A Survey of LGBTQ+ Americans

58% had a slur or a joke said to them

39% rejected by family or friends

30% been threatened or physically attacked

GLSEN National School Climate Survey (2021)

91.8% of LGBTQ+ students heard negative remarks about gender expression

68% of LGBTQ+ students felt unsafe at school because of their SOGIE characteristics

76.1% experienced in person verbal harassment

• they had lower gpas

Weight Bias

Stigmatization, bullying, prejudice, and discrimination against individuals based on their body weight and appearance (Puhl and Brownell, 2003)

Phelan et al. (2015)

Impact of weight bias and stigma on quality of care and outcomes for patients with obesity

Enacted Stigma

Behaviors that emanate from negative attitude about a stigmatized group

• Explicit attitudes can influence verbal behaviors

• Implicit attitudes can influence non-verbal communications

• Decisions made be influenced by both explicit and implicit attitudes

How Providers’ Weight Bias Influences

Less patient-entered communication

Less respect for higher-weight patients

Less time spent educating higher-weight patients

Over-attribution of symptoms and problems to obesity

Effects on Patients from Weight Bias

Negative provider-patient relationship and patient satisfaction resulting in poor health outcomes

High levels of stress resulting in impaired cognitive function and ability to communicate effectively

Prolonged or accumulated levels of stress (allostatic load) leading to long-term health problems (e.g., heart disease, depression, anxiety)

Avoidance of health care

Discounting feedback from health care providers

Ableism/Handicapism (Bogdan and Biklen, 1993)

Prejudice against individuals who are physically challenged

Richardson and Green (1971)

Found that children showed a strong preference for pictures depicting physically able individuals

Jaffer and Ma (2015)

Preschool aged children showed a bias against physically disabled or higher weight individuals

Heightism

Discrimination against someone on the basis of their height; implicit bias

Coined by Saul Feldman in 1971

Height Premium

Taller individuals receiving more benefits across various domains

Higher income (Rashad 2008)

Height and Youth

Parents worry about heigh and potential self esteem and bullying