Career Counseling NCE

industrial revolution

the U.S career guidance movement was initiated in the late 1800s with the ______________ _________________

Boston Vocational Bureau

created in 1908 to develop a system of vocational guidance in Boston public schools that could offer vocational assistance to youth needing to make a career choice

Frank Parsons

father of vocational guidance; established the Boston Vocational Bureau; developed trait and factor approach

National Vocational Guidance Association

first career guidance organization; worked to provide credentialing to guidance counselors; founding division of the APGA

American Personnel and Guidance Association

original name for the American Counseling Association

U.S. Department of Labor

established in 1913 to promote the welfare of American workers, seekers, and retirees; worked with safety, wages, working conditions, employment discrimination, etc.

Smith-Hughes Act of 1917

promoted vocational education through the provision of federal funds and called for the isolation of vocational education from the rest of academic curriculum

Wagner-Peyser Act of 1933

offers job search and placement assistance to job seekers and recruitment services to employers with job openings

one-stop delivery system

US Employment Service program that provides a variety of labor exchange services under one roof in easy to find locations

D.G. Patterson

developed special aptitude tests and personality inventories to assist workers in gaining employment during the Great Depression

Roosevelt's New Deal

created between 1933-36 to create millions of jobs

WWII

formal career inventories were developed to evaluate characteristics for ________

National Defense Education Act of 1958

passed in response to Sputnik; offered reimbursements to programs that offered school counselor training and stipends to graduate students; identified students proficient in math and science

Department of Education

in the 60s-70s, the _____________ ___ ______________ required that all public schools should include career education in their curriculum

Vocational Education Act of 1963

includes career services for elementary schools, technical institutions, and public community college

Job Training Partnership Act of 1982

shifts job training from federal hands to state and private schemes and removes any need for the trainees to have their incomes made up to the minimum wage

Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Technical Education Act of 1984

addressed the needs of disadvantaged students, technical education programs, and unemployed workers

School-to-Work Act of 1994

provides all students with equal opportunities to participate in programs that combine academic and occupational education, combine school-based learning with work-based learning, and prepare students for postsecondary education

George A. Merrill

developed a curriculum that combined academic instruction with technical and vocational training

Minnesota Point of View

a directive counseling approach; step 4 states that the counselor should assist the client in reaching a decision

Edmund Williamson

believed that counselors should share their wisdom with clients to help them reach a career decision; developed the Minnesota Point of View

Donald Super

developed the lifespan, life-space career theory, a developmental approach to career counseling

John Holland

stressed a person's occupational environment should be congruent with his personality type; developed a 3-letter code

John Krumboltz

developed the social learning theory of career counseling; held that individuals learned experiences lead them to develop specific career beliefs and that these beliefs then influenced career decisions

Joanne Harris-Bowlsbey

developed computerized vocational systems such as CVIS, DISCOVER, and VISIONS

career planning services

active provision of information (e.g., resume review) to assist the client with a specific need

career counseling

est. of a counseling relationship to assist clients with career and personal development concerns

Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938

est. national minimum wage, minimum standards for overtime, and prohibition of child labor

Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970

ensured safe and healthy working conditions

Section 504 of Rehabilitation Act of 1970

prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in programs sponsored by federal agencies

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1973

prohibits discrimination against individuals with a disability from all employers, not just federal

Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993

allows employees to take up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave when an employee is unable to perform their job, to care for a family member, or to care for a child

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) 1990

children with disabilities receive special education

job

a specific paid position

occupation

primary activity that engages one's time; includes similar jobs found in many organizations; general field you belong to

career

lifetime pursuits of an individual

work

activities that serve as one's regular source of livelihood; commonly associated with job

career salience

significance one places on the role of career in relationship to other life roles

participation

spending time and energy in a work role

commitment

an emotional attachment to the work role

value expectation

satisfaction gained through vocational decisions

work values

needs that a work environment must reinforce to ensure an individual's work satisfaction and success

intrinsic values

rewards received (or values satisfied) for performing the work itself (e.g., helping the community)

extrinsic values

rewards received (or values satisfied) as a result of completing the work (e.g., salary)

expressed interests

interests that are verbally reported (e.g., "I would like to be…"

trait and factor theory

assess the traits of individuals in order to match them with an occupation with similar characteristics

aptitude

an individual's innate abilities

interest

activity or task an individual enjoys

values

the ideas, beliefs, and attitudes about what is important that help guide the way one lives

personality

aspects of an individual's character that remain relatively stable over time

achievement

activities individuals participate in and accomplish throughout their lifetime

theory of work adjustment

the relationship between individuals and their work environment is reciprocal; they compliment each other's needs

work adjustment

the process by which an individual achieves and maintains needs required by the work environment

satisfaction

employee's contentment with the work environment

satisfactoriness

employer's satisfaction with the individual's job performance

realistic

tools, machinery, or animals; physically demanding; workers need technical competencies; enjoys working with hands; mechanically inclined

conventional

organization and planning; making reports and calculations; following rules; detail-oriented; clerical skills and numerical ability

investigative

requires workers to use problem solving and abstract thinking; enjoys working with theory and information; analytical, scientific

enterprising

persuading and leading others; assertive and competitive; values wealth and promotion, leadership, and power

artistic

creativity, personal expression, originality, freedom, unconventional

sensing

uses 5 senses to take in information and find meaning; focuses on the present; tangible and concrete

intuition (N)

use insight to make meaning; focuses on the future; imaginative and creative

judging

individuals preference for ____________ means they are more likely to focus on thinking and feeling; makes a decision based on few facts

perceiving

individuals presence for _______________ means they are more likely to focus on sensing and intuition; needs to weigh many factors

Gottfredson's theory

early career development involves circumscription and then compromise

circumscription

the process by which individuals eliminate career alternatives they believe are not compatible with their self-concept

compromise

the process by which adolescents give up highly preferred career alternatives for those that are less compatible but more accessible

true

true/false: according to Brown's value-based theory, individuals who have a crystalized and prioritized set of values are more likely to be high functioning

true

true/false: according to Gottfredson, individuals will sacrifice interest and prestige before their gender role

growth

Super's life-space theory; children do not make a deliberate effort to advance their career development; they reach developmental milestones that guide career processes later

exploration

Super's life-space theory; career development becomes more intentional and individuals begin to gather information and make decisions

establishment

Super's life-space theory; establishing oneself at work

maintenance

Super's life-space theory; individuals focus on maintaining their status at work by adjusting to changes and innovations

disengagement

Super's life-space theory; individuals begin to turn their energy toward retirement

career adaptability

developed by Super, rerfers to an individual's readiness and available resources for coping with changing work and employment conditions

life space

individuals have numerous non-work commitments and play many roles

role salience

the importance individuals assign to each life role throughout their lifetime

anticipated

Schlossberg's transition theory; happens to most individuals in their life (e.g., getting a job, retirement)

unanticipated

Schlossberg's transition theory; not expected (e.g., getting laid off)

chronic hassles

Schlossberg's transition theory; continuous and pervasive in nature (e.g., long commute to work)

nonevents

Schlossberg's transition theory; transitions that never happen despite the individual's desire for it to occur

model of adult transitions

developed by Hopson and Adams (1977), this model outlines seven developmental stages (i.e., immobilization, minimization, self-doubt, letting go, testing out, search for meaning, and internationalization) that conceptualize how individuals handle crises

theory of career decision making

Tiedeman and O'Hara; a descriptive approach that proposes two career decision-making stages: anticipating and adjusting

conflict model of decision making

Janis and Mann; a descriptive approach that proposes that stress significantly impacts the quality of a career decision

unconflicted adherence

the tendency for decision makers to stick to the first idea that comes to their minds without more deeply evaluating the consequences; person ignores potential risks

unconflicted change

the tendency for people to quickly change their minds and to adopt the first new idea to come along; person accepts career options that are suggested without questioning

defensive avoidance

the person escapes the conflict by putting decision-making responsibilities on others, procrastinating, or rationalizing

hypervigilance

the person impulsively chooses to bring immediate relief

vigilance

the person weighs the costs and benefits of each alternative

Gelatt's decision-making model

prescriptive; all decisions have similar qualities, that is a choice must be made and an individual must rationally analyze information accurately to predict the outcome

interactive life planning

holistic career approach developed by Hansen to assist individuals in exploring how their work is intertwined with life roles

Krumboltz determinants of career choice

genetic endowment, environmental conditions and events, instrumental and associative learning experiences, task approach skills

planned happenstance

Krumboltz's theory that states individuals need to take advantage of unpredictable social, educational, and occupational conditions

social cognitive career theory

one's belief in their ability to complete tasks and accomplish goals plays a significant role in vocational interests

proximal factors

current circumstances that directly impact an individual's career choice (e.g., financial resources, job opportunities)

Roe's personality development and occupational classification

occupation selection is influenced by psychological needs that develop from interactions between children and their parents

professional and managerial 1

Roe's occupational classification level 1

professional and managerial 2

Roe's occupational classification level 2

semiprofessional and small business

Roe's occupational classification level 3

skilled

Roe's occupational classification level 4