History of Counseling Psychology

what are the five distinctive developments in the field of psychology that formated counseling psychology as the specialization it is today.

The industrial Revolution and Work of Frank Parson,
The Mental Hygiene Movement,
Psychometrics and Study of Individual Differences,
Carl Rogers and The Emergence of counseling
World War II and It’s contribution to counseling psychology.

Industrial Revolution did what for counseling psy?

Led to the growth of vocational guidance programs, because the Industrial revolution was the rise of employment opportunity, a need for vocation guidance also rose, which is where Parson came in to give guidelines, structure, and have done several important achievements.

The Mental Hygiene Movement

A movement on promoting public health and prevention of mental illness, which shaped counseling psychology by providing resources to individuals who are intact and help them manage day-to-day life.

Psychometrics and Study of Individual Differences

The study of the brain by measuring psychological measures like intelligence, etc. to help understand people and build individualized care plans. The bloom of psychological assessment

Carl Rogers and The Emergence of counseling

Carl Rogers marked the definitive shift from behavioral pschological theories to Humanistic approach. Person-centered approach which emphasized on empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard. He also emphasized the therapeutic relationship and Client’s ability to understand themselves and develop their own solutions.

World War II & it contribute to counseling psychology

World war II brought a need to motivate students to take up on fighting, the military also needed a way to assess roles (job profiling) and for psychological support services. Vocational Guidance was key in assess skills and interest to military placements.

1949 Boulder conference did what

Produced scientist-practitioner model of clinical education, Ph.D. This began to split and divide clinical and counseling psychology.

What were the 3 new roles identified in 1960s for counseling

Remedial/Rehabilitation (help those in immediate need), Prevention(anticipating or forestalling difficulties that may arise in future), and Education & Development (Help plain and obtain maximum benefit and enable to discover and fulfill potential)

Vail Conference (1973) did what

Psychological knowledge had widen so vastly that a called for a expressly profession training programs, The scholar/profession model Psy.D

Influences of societal context in counselling

Multiculturalism(change in population), Social Justice(weakening economy), Advocacy, Reinvigoration of Vocational Counseling and Research, advance technology, and Positivity & Mindfulness (holistic view)

What are some weaknesses of the S-P model (scentisti-practitioner)

Gaps between S-P theory and practice (real-world application), and the varying definitions of science and practice.

What are the strengths of the S-P model

Allows for the growing of knowledge and information to the larger population, and builds critical thinking skills.

A scientist-practioner

Is able to read and understand the empirical literature in your field, to become a critical consumer of information, AND be able to both design and implement your thesis or dissertation as well as future studies that interest you.

Science

A process that includes production, and perhaps consumption and application (integration) and dissemination, critical thinking

Scholarship

Broader term that encompasses science but also includes readings, literature review, etc.

What are different kinds of scholarships?

Research, Publication and review, Grant Writing, presentation, and Teaching.

Describe the structure of scholarly writing in social science research

Introduction, Literature review, Methods, Results, Discussion, Bibliography.

what is a dissertation?

An extensive research document written by a student to earn a doctoral degree, it’s original, independent work and it requires an oral defense.

Controversies in Counseling Psyc

Trainings, Standard, Credentialing, registration (trades, nursing etc.), Certification (certified school counselor), Licensure (LMHC, Licensed psychologist), and Ethics

Differences between Boulders Model (Ph.d)and Professional School Programs (Psy.D)

Length of training (Ph.D longer), Licensure Exam Performance (PsyD perform significantly lower), stronger link between small classes with better scores.

Method

Technqiues for gathering evidence, Various ways of proceeding in gathering information

Methodology

Underlying theory and analysis of how research does or should proceed, influenced by discipline.

Qualitative Is also called…

Descriptive

Quantitative is also called…

Experimental

What’s the problem in Experiements

Rigor vs. relevance, internal vs. external validity, isolation of a phenomenon from context, and our methods, theories don’t match apparent solution or problem.

Epistemology (def.)

Theory of Knowledge

Structure of scholarly writing: Introduction includes

Background, Personal connection, purpose/goal of the study, and informing your audience what you plan to do

Structure of scholarly writing: Literature Review includes

Educating audience about what had been done already, review and critique the past 10 years, speak to strengths and weaknesses of literature, identify the gaps in literature, How do you propose to address gaps, state hypothesis

Structure of scholarly writing: Method includes

Describing all the details on how the study was conducted, such as participants and procedure, measures, research design, and data analysis

Structure of scholarly writing: Results includes

Stating your findings, such as giving statistical information, DO NOT interpret finding, DO NOT compare findings with previous literature.

Structure of scholarly writing: Discussion includes

Interpret findings, revisit hypothesis, discuss significance, compare finding to other literature, give explanation of findings, discuss implications, discuss limitation, discuss future research direction.

Structure of scholarly writing: Bibliography includes

Every citation in your study must have a reference

Empirical Research is

systematic observation or evidence to evaluate claims

Rigor

conducting research carefully and systematically

Relevance

ensuring that findings matter to real counseling practice and clients.

Internal validity

whether a study supports a credible conclusion about cause and effect

External Validity

concerns whether finding general to other people, setting, or situations

Bubble hypothesis

There will always be a source of error or limitation may cause another emerge highlighting the difficulty of improving one aspect of research without creating trade-off elsewhere.