Spanish 1 Comprehensive Vocabulary and Fundamentals

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Essential vocabulary, grammar rules, interrogatives, classroom expressions, calendar terms, and physical/personality traits for Spanish 1.

73 Terms

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Ser

To be (used to describe essential characteristics, origin, and identification; conjugations: soy, eres, es, somos, son).

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Yo

I (first person singular subject pronoun; uses the conjugation 'soy').

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Tú

You (informal; used when speaking to a friend, family member, or someone your age; uses 'eres').

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Usted

You (formal; used when addressing an adult or someone you do not know; uses 'es').

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Nosotros / Nosotras

We (Nosotros is used for a male or mixed group; Nosotras is strictly for a female group; uses 'somos').

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Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes

They (masculine/mixed) / They (feminine) / You all (used when addressing more than one person directly; all use 'son').

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Adjective Agreement Rules

Adjectives must match the noun in gender (-o for masculine, -a for feminine, -e for neutral) and number (add -s for vowels, add -es for consonants).

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¿Quién?

Who?

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¿Qué?

What?

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¿Cuál? / ¿Cuáles?

Which? / What?

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¿Cómo?

How? / What is someone like?

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¿Cuándo?

When?

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¿Dónde?

Where?

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¿Adónde?

To where? (asks about destination).

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¿De dónde?

From where?

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¿Por qué? vs. porque

¿Por qué? means 'Why?' (two words with an accent); porque means 'because' (one word, no accent).

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¿Cuánto(a)?

How much? / How many?

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¿A qué hora?

At what time? (asks for a specific event time).

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La Fecha (Date Formula)

Es el + day number + de + month + de + year (weeks start on Monday/lunes; days and months are lowercase).

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El primero (1º)

The first day of the month.

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Es la… vs. Son las…

'Es la' is used for 1:00 (singular), while 'Son las' is used for hours 2 through 12 (plural).

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en punto

On the dot / exact hour.

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cuarto / media

Quarter hour (15 minutes) / Half hour (30 minutes).

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A la / A las

At (used before a specific time to indicate when an event takes place).

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¿Qué tiempo hace?

What is the weather like? / How's the weather?

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Hace buen tiempo / Hace mal tiempo

The weather is good / The weather is bad.

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Hace frío / Hace calor / Hace fresco

It's cold / It's hot / It's cool.

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Hace sol / Hace viento

It's sunny / It's windy.

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Llueve / Está lloviendo

It rains / It's raining.

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Nieva / Está nevando

It snows / It's snowing.

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Está nublado

It is cloudy / It's cloudy.

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Las Estaciones

The seasons: el verano (summer), el otoño (autumn/fall), el invierno (winter), la primavera (spring).

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Abran los libros / Cierren sus libros

Open your books / Close your books.

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Entreguen sus papeles

Turn in your papers.

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Saquen sus cuadernos

Take out your notebooks.

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Siéntense

Sit down.

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¿Puedo ir al baño?

May I go to the restroom?

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¿Puede repetir?

Can you repeat?

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¡Bienvenido!, ¡Bienvenida!

Welcome.

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De nada / Gracias / Por favor / Lo siento

You're welcome / Thank you / Please / I'm sorry.

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Buenos días / Buenas tardes / Buenas noches

Good morning / Good afternoon / Good evening/night.

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Hasta la vista / Hasta luego / Hasta mañana / Hasta pronto

See you / See you later / See you tomorrow / See you soon.

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¿Cómo te llamas? / Me llamo…

What's your name? (fam.) / My name is…

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Te presento a…

I would like to introduce you to (name) (informal/fam.).

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Mucho gusto / Encantado(a)

Nice to meet you / Pleased to meet you.

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¿Cómo está(s)? / ¿Qué tal está(s)?

How are you? / How are you feeling?

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Los abuelos (el abuelo / la abuela)

Grandparents (grandfather / grandmother).

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Los padres (el padre / la madre)

Parents (father / mother).

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Los hermanos (el hermano / la hermana)

Siblings or brothers (brother / sister).

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Los hijos (el hijo / la hija)

Children or sons (son / daughter).

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El nieto / La nieta

Grandson / Granddaughter.

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El tío / La tía

Uncle / Aunt.

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El primo / La prima

Cousin (male / female).

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El sobrino / La sobrina

Nephew / Niece.

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La mascota (el perro / el gato)

Pet (dog / cat).

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El novio / La novia / Los novios

Boyfriend / Girlfriend / Couple (boyfriend and girlfriend).

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Alto(a) / Bajo(a)

Tall / Short (height).

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Delgado(a) / Gordo(a)

Thin / Fat (heavy).

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Guapo(a) / Bonita / Feo(a)

Handsome or pretty / Pretty / Ugly.

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Joven / Mayor / Viejo(a)

Young / Old or older / Old.

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Moreno(a) / Rubio(a) / Pelirrojo(a)

Brunette (dark-haired) / Blond(e) / Red-haired.

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Simpático(a) / Antipático(a)

Friendly / Unfriendly.

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Gracioso(a) / Serio(a)

Funny / Serious.

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Atrevido(a) / Tímido(a)

Daring / Shy.

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Estudioso(a) / Creativo(a) / Espontáneo(a)

Studious / Creative / Spontaneous.

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Atlético(a) / Inteligente

Athletic / Intelligent.

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Contento(a) / Triste

Happy or content / Sad.

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Cansado(a) / Enfermo(a) / Enojado(a)

Tired / Sick / Angry.

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Emocionado(a) / Nervioso(a) / Aburrido(a)

Excited / Nervous / Bored.

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Tener expresiones (hambre / sed / miedo)

To have hunger (to be hungry) / to have thirst (to be thirsty) / to have fear (to be afraid).

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Tener calor / Tener frío

To be hot / To be cold (physical sensations expressing temperature).

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Tener … años

To be … years old (used to express age in Spanish).

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El árbol genealógico

Family tree.