chap 4 socialpshyc situtional

Sarah notices her friend frowning and crossed arms during a group discussion. What type of nonverbal communication is Sarah observing

Emotional expression and attitude conveyance

Tom interprets his coworker's firm handshake as a sign of confidence. What process is Tom engaging in

Decoding nonverbal signals

A Japanese student focuses on the entire group's facial expressions when judging one person's emotion

while an American student focuses only on the individual. What cultural difference does this demonstrate

Maria quickly judges a new classmate as unfriendly based solely on their neutral facial expression. What cognitive bias is Maria demonstrating

First impression formation based on facial cues

John assumes that because his new neighbor is attractive

she must also be intelligent and kind. What schema is influencing John's judgment

Lisa hears that her new colleague is "very kind" and automatically assumes this person is also generous and helpful. What psychological concept explains this

Implicit personality theory

Mark sees someone yelling at a cashier and assumes they're an angry person by nature. What type of attribution is Mark making

Internal/dispositional attribution

Emma notices that everyone in the office is quiet on Mondays

not just her usually quiet coworker. According to Kelley's covariation model

David observes that his friend is only quiet during presentations but talkative in other situations. What dimension of Kelley's model does this represent

High distinctiveness

Rachel notices her roommate has been stressed about exams every semester consistently. What attribution dimension is Rachel considering

High consistency

When explaining why she failed a test

Jennifer blames the difficult questions. When explaining why her friend failed

Kevin takes full credit for winning his soccer game but blames poor field conditions when his team loses. What type of attribution bias is this

Self-serving attribution

Maria believes that homeless people are lazy and deserve their situation because "everyone gets what they deserve in life." What belief system is Maria demonstrating

Belief in a just world

A manager assumes an employee is late because they're irresponsible

ignoring the fact that there was a major traffic accident. What attribution error is the manager making

Chinese participants in a study make more situational attributions for behavior while American participants make more personal attributions. What cultural difference does this show

Collectivist vs. individualistic cultural attribution styles

When interpreting a "thumbs up" gesture during international travel

what should travelers consider

A child sees someone with facial scars and immediately thinks they're a "bad person." What cognitive process is the child using

First impression formation based on facial appearance

Someone who speaks Chinese as their first language shows different personality trait associations when speaking English vs. Chinese. What does this demonstrate

Language influences on implicit personality theories

During a job interview

the candidate maintains strong eye contact. In some cultures this shows confidence

A woman interprets her date's slight smile as romantic interest

while he was just being polite. What nonverbal communication process led to this misunderstanding

When explaining why he got promoted

James credits his hard work and skills. When explaining why his colleague got promoted

A teacher assumes a quiet student is unintelligent rather than considering they might be shy or have language barriers. What attribution error is this

Fundamental attribution error/ignoring situational factors

During a multicultural business meeting

some participants stand very close while others maintain distance. What nonverbal behavior varies culturally here

Someone believes that crime victims must have done something to provoke their attack. What defensive attribution are they using

Defensive attribution to maintain belief in a just world

A bilingual person describes themselves differently when speaking different languages. What does this reveal about personality perception

Language and cultural context influence self-concept and trait expression

When seeing someone help an elderly person cross the street

most people assume they're a good person rather than considering they might be paid or obligated. What attribution bias is this

A student who usually gets good grades fails one test and blames the teacher's unfair questions. What type of attribution is this student making

External attribution for failure (part of self-serving bias)

In some cultures

nodding means agreement

Someone quickly judges whether a person is trustworthy based solely on their facial structure within 100 milliseconds. What cognitive process is this

Rapid first impression formation based on facial cues

When explaining why they're nervous about a presentation

Marcus blames the difficult audience