Glucose

what are the two sources of glucose

food

gluconeogenesis

how does glucose enter hepatocytes, WBC, RBC, platelet and neurone

GLUT-2

hormone-independent

how is insulin triggered

GH (antagonist)

glucose

glucagon

amino acids

how does epinephrine act on glucose pathway

inhibit insulin

beta 2 adrenergic receptor of hepatocytes - glycogenolysis

alpha 2 adrenergic recetpor - more GHRH so more GH and less uptake

what are the two things causing fasting normoglycaemia

insulin

glucagon

what are the two things cuasing post-prandial hyperglycasemia

absorption

glucagon

transient hyperglycaemia cuases

post prandial

excitement

steroid associated

dioestrus

which one is more common in dogs for DM

DM I

what cuases DM II in cats

pancreatic insular amyloidosis

obesity

pancreatic DM

pancreatitis

pancreatic carcinoma

less insulin production

endocrine DM

acromegaly

glucagonoma

HAV
hyperpituitarism

thyroid disorders

phaemochromocytoma

bovine milk feber

canine hepatocutaneous syndrome

anti what

anti-insulin antibodies

cat insulin resistance cuases

obesity - more in cats

hyperthyroidism

denatl disease

UTI

hyperadrencorticism a bit

kidney disease more

acromegaly in cats

pancreatitis a bit

prengnacy or dioestrus

what are teh two hormones that require MG2+ as a cofactor

phosphopyruvate hydratase

glucose oxidase

what are teh three things you could measure for glucose

plasma glucose

calculated plasma glucose

whole blood glucose

two ketoamines

glycated haemoglobin

fructosamine

requirements of glycated haemoglobin

depends onn RBC half life in different species

whole blood

interpretation differs

cat levels for glucosuria in blood

250-300 mg/dL

13.88-16.65 mmol/L

decreased gluconeogenesis cuases of hypoglycaemia

hepatic insufficiency/failure

hypoadrenocorticism

neonatal or juvenily hypoglycaemia

starvation/malnutrition

chewing gum substance

xylitol toxicosis

normoglycaemia with insulin:glucose ratio increased

insulin resistance so type II DM or non-pancreatic

due to high insulin, but no response from glucose