Imaging of the Soft Tissues Week 4

Which lobes are in the right lung?

Upper

Middle

Lower

Which fissure divides the upper from middle right lung lobes?

Horizontal

Which fissure divides the lower from middle right lung lobes?

Oblique

Which lobes are in the left lung?

Upper

(lingula)

Lower

Which fissure divides the upper from lower left lung lobes?

Oblique

What density are the lungs?

Air density

What are the 3 patterns of lung disease?

Airspace

Interstitial disease

Mass pattern

What are the two airspace lung diseases?

Atelectasis

Consolidation

What is the term for collapse of alveoli?

Atelectasis

What is the term for collapse of an entire lung?

Lung collapse

What density is seen in the lung in airspace diseases (consolidation and atelectasis)?

Water density (increased)

Which name signs are seen in airspace diseases?

Silhouette sign

Air bronchogram sign

What are the 3 types of atelectasis?

Focal

Semilobar

Lobar

What type of fluids can be found in the lung with consolidation?

Pus

Cells

Blood

Transudate

Exudate

What is the name sign for when you can see the bronchi?

Air Bronchogram sign

What causes the appearance of air bronchogram sign?

Opacification of the airspaces, with air maintained int he bronchi

What is the name sign for loss of outline of the heart or lung due to airspace disease?

Silhouette sign

What structure is silhouetted in RUL airspace disease?

Right paratracheal stripe

What structure is silhouetted in RML airspace disease?

Right heart border

What structure is silhouetted in RLL airspace disease?

Right hemidiaphragm (posterior aspect)

What structure is silhouetted in LUL airspace disease?

Aortic knuckle

What structure is silhouetted in Lingula airspace disease?

left heart border

What structure is silhouetted in LLL airspace disease?

Left hemidiaphragm (posterior aspect)

What is the term for an air lucency on the outside of the aortic knob?

Luftsichel sign

Collapse of which lobe creates the Luftsichel sign?

LUL

What is the erm for a triangular opacity on the posteromedial left diaphragm

Sail sign

What is the term for consolidation abutting a fissure seen on x-ray?

Bulging fissure sign

What is the most common cause of consolidation in the lung?

Infectious pneumonia

What is the most common form of infectious pneumonia?

Bacterial

What are the causes of consolidation?

Infectious pneumonia (most common)

Pulmonary malignancy

Pulmonary hemorrhage

Bronchial obstruction without collapse

What is the infectious organism of tuberculosis?

Mycobacterium

What is the term for the first (typically asymptomatic) TB infection of the lung?

Primary

What is the term for a Primary TB infection that does not heal?

Primary progressive

What is the term for widely disseminated TB infection?

Miliary TB

What pattern will appear in the lung with Miliary TB infection?

Snowflake

What is the term for a reactivation of a past TB infection?

Post-primary infection

What is the term for a TB lesion in the lung?

Ghon Focus

What is the term for a TB lesion in the lung with a swollen lymph node?

Ghon complex

What is the term for a calcified TB lesion in the lung with a calcified lymph node?

Ranke complex

What are the 4 types of atelectasis?

Resorptive

Passive

Compressive

Cicatrisation

Which form of atelectasis is caused by fibrosis?

Cicatrisation

What is the AKA for resorptive atelectasis?

Obstructive

What is the AKA for passive atelectasis?

Relaxation

Which form of atelectasis will not have an air bornchogram?

resorptive/obstructive

What are the findings of atelectasis on x-ray?

Loss of pulmonary volume

Increased radiopacity

Distorted anatomic structures

What is the umbrella term for processes affecting the parenchyma of the lung?

Interstitial pattern/disease

What is the appearance of the densities seen in interstitial pattern/disease?

"Net like densities"

What are the 3 Cs of Interstitial pattern/disease?

Cough

Clubbing (nails)

Crackles (auscultation)

What size is a lung nodule?

What size is a lung mass?

>3 cm

T or F: Presence of calcification of a mass/nodule produces a worse prognosis

False (better prognosis - likely benign)

What is the term for air density within a nodule or mass?

Cavitation

What is the most common nodule or mass in the lung?

Lung carcinoma

What is the most common non-malignant lesion of the lung?

Granuloma

T or F: Lung Nodules are most likely a granuloma or a hamartoma, while masses are more likely lung carcinoma

True

What are the possible causes of lung masses or nodules?

Lung carcinoma (most common)

Granuloma

Infection or infarction

Hamartoma