SEHS DP1 exam revision

Axial Skeleton

Central core structure of the skeleton that protects vital organs; includes the skull, spine, and ribs.

Appendicular Skeleton

Bony structure consisting of upper and lower limbs and girdles, enabling body movement.

Ligaments

Connective tissue that attaches bone to bone to stabilize joints.

Tendons

Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone to transmit contractile force.

Cartilage

Tissue that cushions joint surfaces and reduces friction between bones.

Fibrous Joints

Immovable joints connected by dense connective tissue, such as skull sutures.

Synovial Joints

Freely movable joints containing a fluid-filled joint cavity.

Flexion

Movement that decreases the angle between two articulating bones.

Extension

Movement that increases the angle between two articulating bones.

Abduction

Movement of a body segment away from the anatomical midline.

Adduction

Movement of a body segment toward the anatomical midline.

Sagittal Plane

Anatomical plane dividing the body into left and right halves.

Frontal Plane

Anatomical plane dividing the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves.

Transverse Plane

Anatomical plane dividing the body into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) halves.

Type I Muscle Fibers

Slow-twitch, fatigue-resistant muscle fibers specialized for aerobic endurance.

Type IIx Muscle Fibers

Fast-twitch glycolytic muscle fibers capable of high force generation but rapid fatigue.

Concentric Contraction

Muscle action where the muscle shortens while producing tension.

Eccentric Contraction

Muscle action where the muscle lengthens under tension.

Isometric Contraction

Muscle action where joint angle and muscle length remain constant during force production.

Isokinetic Contractions

Muscle action that occurs at a constant speed throughout the range of motion

Agonist Muscle

The primary muscle responsible for producing a specific movement.

Antagonist Muscle

The muscle that opposes the movement of the agonist and relaxes during contraction.

Reciprocal Inhibition

The automatic relaxation of an antagonist muscle when the agonist contracts.

First-Class Lever

Lever system with the fulcrum positioned between the effort and the load.

Second-Class Lever

Lever system with the load positioned between the fulcrum and the effort.

Third-Class Lever

Lever system with the effort positioned between the fulcrum and the load.

Newton's First Law of Motion

States an object stays at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a net force.

Newton's Second Law of Motion

States force is proportional to mass times acceleration, expressed as $F = ma$.

Newton's Third Law of Motion

States that for every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force.

Displacement

Vector measuring straight-line distance and direction from start to finish.

Torque Equation

Calculated as $\text{Torque} = \text{Force} \times \text{Moment Arm}$.

Phosphagen System (ATP-PCr)

Anaerobic system utilizing creatine phosphate for short maximal effort lasting up to $10\,\text{seconds}$.

Glycolytic System

Anaerobic energy system breaking down carbohydrates for high-intensity efforts up to $2\,\text{minutes}$.

Oxidative System

Aerobic energy system utilizing carbs and fats for prolonged, low-to-moderate intensity exercise.

Insulin

Hormone secreted by the pancreas that lowers blood glucose levels.

Axial Skeleton

Central skeleton core (skull, spine, ribs) protecting vital organs.

Sympathetic Nervous System

Autonomic nervous system branch responsible for the fight-or-flight response.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Autonomic nervous system branch responsible for rest-and-digest functions.

Proprioceptors

Sensory receptors detecting joint position, muscle length, and tension.

Homeostasis

Maintenance of a stable internal physiological environment.

Minute Ventilation Equation

Calculated as $V_E = TV \times RR$, where $TV$ is tidal volume and $RR$ is respiration rate.

Cardiac Output Equation

Calculated as $Q = HR \times SV$, where $HR$ is heart rate and $SV$ is stroke volume.

Cardiovascular Drift

Progressive rise in heart rate and decrease in stroke volume during steady-state exercise.

Inverted U Theory

Model stating optimal athletic performance occurs at moderate levels of arousal.

Lactate Inflection Point (LIP)

Highest exercise intensity where blood lactate production equals clearance.

Fast EPOC Phase

Initial post-exercise recovery phase dedicated to replenishing ATP and creatine phosphate stores.

Slow EPOC Phase

Extended post-exercise recovery phase dedicated to lactate clearance and temperature regulation.