17- Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering Erikson's fourth stage, self-concept, Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning, friendship stages, sociometric peer statuses, bullying forms, and family dynamics in middle and late childhood.

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson's fourth psychosocial stage, occurring in middle and late childhood, where children are busy doing, planning, playing, and achieving; success fosters confidence for future challenges, whereas failure can cause a haunting sense of inadequacy.

Self-Concept

An individual's beliefs about their general personal identity.

Self-Esteem

An evaluation of one's identity, which is influenced by internalizing the appraisals of others and engaging in social comparisons.

Self-Efficacy

The belief that one is capable of carrying out a specific task or of reaching a specific goal.

Preconventional Morality (Level One)

Kohlberg's first level of moral reasoning, typically seen in children under age $6$ (or prior to age $9$), where moral decisions focus on self-interest, avoiding punishment, and seeking rewards or returned favors.

Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Orientation

The stage in Kohlberg's theory where a person focuses on self-interest and obeys rules strictly to avoid punishment (e.g., arguing the man shouldn't steal the drug because he may get caught and go to jail).

Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange

The stage in Kohlberg's theory where individuals conform to obtain rewards and have favors returned (e.g., arguing the man should steal the drug because he does not want to lose his wife who takes care of him).

Conventional Morality (Level Two)

Kohlberg's second level of moral reasoning, typical of children aged $7\text{--}11$, adolescents, and most adults, where reasoning centers on conforming to avoid disapproval from others and avoiding censure by authorities.

Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships

The stage in Kohlberg's theory where moral choices are driven by how situational outcomes impact others, wanting to please and be accepted, and avoiding disapproval by others (e.g., stealing the drug because that is what good husbands do).

Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order

The stage in Kohlberg's theory where people make decisions based on laws or formalized rules to avoid censure by authorities (e.g., obeying the law because stealing is a crime).

Postconventional Morality (Level Three)

Kohlberg's highest level of moral reasoning, found in individuals over age $11$ but rare in adolescents and few adults, characterized by abstract reasoning, social contracts, individual rights, and self-chosen ethical principles.

Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights

The stage in Kohlberg's theory where individuals employ abstract reasoning to justify behaviors, conform to maintain communities, and emphasize individual rights while recognizing that laws can sometimes be unjust.

Stage 6: Universal Principles

The stage in Kohlberg's theory where moral behavior is based on self-chosen ethical principles and individual conscience (e.g., arguing that life is more important than property).

Momentary Physical Interaction

The stage of friendship where a friend is defined simply as someone you are playing with at that specific point in time.

One-Way Assistance

The stage of friendship where a friend is defined as someone who does nice things for you.

Fair-Weather Cooperation

The stage of friendship where a friend is defined as someone who returns a favor.

Intimate and Mutual Sharing

The stage of friendship where a friend is defined as someone with whom you can share private thoughts and secrets that you would tell no one else.

Autonomous Interdependence

The stage of friendship where a friend is defined as someone who accepts you and whom you accept as they are.

Sociometric Assessment

A method used to assess peer relationships by measuring the degree of attraction and social preference between members of a group.

Popular Children

In sociometric assessments, children who receive many votes in the 'like' category and very few in the 'do not like' category.

Popular-Prosocial Children

Children who are well-liked by peers, possess good social skills, perform well academically, and are cooperative and friendly.

Popular-Antisocial Children

Children who achieve popularity among peers through negative behaviors, such as acting tough or spreading rumors about others.

Rejected Children

In sociometric assessments, children who receive more unfavorable ('do not like') votes and few favorable ('like') votes.

Rejected-Withdrawn Children

Children who are excluded because they are shy and timid; they serve as easy targets for bullies because they are unlikely to retaliate when belittled.

Rejected-Aggressive Children

Children who are ostracized by peers because they are aggressive, loud, and confrontational, often acting out of feelings of insecurity.

Controversial Children

In sociometric assessments, children who are mentioned frequently in both the 'like' and 'do not like' categories.

Neglected Children

In sociometric assessments, children who are rarely mentioned in either the 'like' or 'do not like' categories.

Average Children

In sociometric assessments, children who receive a moderate or few positive votes alongside very few negative votes.

Bullying

Unwanted, aggressive behavior among school-aged children that involves a real or perceived power imbalance.

Verbal Bullying

A form of bullying that involves saying or writing mean things, teasing, name calling, taunting, threatening, or making inappropriate sexual comments.

Social Bullying (Relational Bullying)

A form of bullying that involves damaging relationships or social status, such as spreading rumors, purposefully excluding someone from a group, or embarrassing someone on purpose.

Physical Bullying

A form of bullying that involves causing physical harm to a person's body or damaging their possessions.

Cyberbullying

A form of bullying conducted through the use of electronic technology.

Five Family Functions (Berger, 2014)

A framework to evaluate the quality of family life consisting of: 1. Providing food, clothing and shelter; 2. Encouraging learning; 3. Developing self-esteem; 4. Nurturing friendships with peers; 5. Providing harmony and stability.

Patterson (2013) Review

A review of more than $25$ years of social science research on the development of children raised by lesbian and gay parents, which concluded there is no evidence of detrimental effects.

Blended Families

Families formed primarily through divorce and remarriage, representing $16\%$ (or $1\text{ in }6$) of children, where children often navigate living across two households with differing sets of rules.