A + P Exam 1

Studying Anatomy and Physiology together…

Form reflects function, bodies structure (Anatomy) allows it to perform its specific function ( Physiology )

Characteristics of Life

Organization, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Movement, Growth , Differentiation, Reproduction , and Homeostasis

Essential Survival Needs

water, food, oxygen, pressure, heat

Interdependent levels of Heirarchy

Chemical →Cellular→Tissue→Organ system→Organism

Negative Feedback Loop- Homeostasis

Feedback reverses a change and brings that body back towards normal range.

( Most Homeostasis Mechanisms)

Cancelling out

Positive Feedback Loop- Homeostatic Mechanism

Feeback amplifies or increase a change that is already happening

Childbirth, Blood Clotting

Homeostatic Controls

Receptors

Detect the change

Homeostatic Controls

Control / integrating center

integrates info, compared to set point

Homeostatic Controls

Effector

Elicits ( produces) corrective response: muscles, glands, returns to set point.

Homeostatic Controls

Afferent pathway

Carries information to control center

Homeostatic Controls

Efferent pathway

Carries instructions AWAY from the control center to the effector

Homeostatic Pathway order

Receptor, afferent pathway, control center, efferent pathway, effector

Chemistry

Covalent bond + where in body?

Atoms share electrons —> inorganic molecules

strong bond

Backbone for Macromolecules, Proteins, DNA, Glucose

Chemistry

Ionic + where in body?

Electrons are transferred

Strong but weaker in water

Na , K , and Ca in body fluid

Chemistry

Hydrogen + where in body

Positive H is attracted to slightly Negative O

Weak

Attraction between water molecules, helps hold the two strands of DNA together

Energy Transfer Reactions in Body Terms

Decomposition and Oxidation

Decomposition - A reaction such as digestion, larger molecules are broken down

Oxidation- exergonic reaction, elections are removes from a reactant.

Energy Transfer Reactions in Body Terms

Reduction and Synthesis

Reduction- and endergonic reaction where an electron is donates to a reactant.

Synthesis- A reaction such as protein and glycogen synthesis, two or more molecules are combined into a larger one.

Energy Transfer Reactions in Body Terms

Catabolism + Anabolism

Catabolism- The sum of all decomposition reactions

Anabolism- The sum of all the synthesis reactions

Chemistry

Factors that influence the rate of Chemical Reactions

Temperature, concentration, surface area, catalysts ( enzymes )

More successful collisions- faster chemical reactions

Chemistry

Hydrolysis

Using water to break a chemical bond, breaks molecules apart.

Large Proteins—> amino acids

Chemistry - Terms for mixtures

Solution , colloid , suspension

Solution- tiny particles are completely dissolves and evenly distributed , Blood plasma with dissolved salts, glucose, and gases

Colloid- medium sized particles are dispersed but don’t settle out easily, Blood—proteins throughout

Suspension- Large particles are dispersed but can settle out over time, blood cells in plasma

Chemistry

Inorganics molecules

Water, minerals, salts, and acid + bases, electrolytes

Generally do not contain carbo-hydrogen bonds

Chemistry

Organic Molecules

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, APT

Generally contain carbon bonded to hydrogen

Cells

Human cells have 3 basic parts

what are they and their functions?

Plasma Membrane- cells outer barrier

Cytoplasm- Intracellular fluid containing cytoskeleton and organelles

Nucleus- DNA containing control center

Cells - Fluid compartments in Body

Intracellular Fluid

Fluid within the cell

2/3 of total body water

K and Mg , proteins and phosphates

Cells - Fluid compartments in Body

Extracellular Fluid

Fluid outside the cells

Makes up 1/3 of total body water

Slip into interstitial fluid and plasma

Cells - Fluid compartments in the body

Interstitial Fluid

Fluid surrounding/between cells, but not within blood vessels

Less protein

bathes the cell

Cells - Fluid compartments in Body

Plasma

Liquid part of blood, minus red blood cells

Cell Phospholipid Bilayer of Plasma Membrane

Hydrophilic heads

Hydrophobic tails

Hydrophilic heads- face the watery environment inside and outside the cells, like water

Hydrophobic tails- face inwards, away from water

—Creates a barrier that is selective permeable, some substances can cross while others can

Cells

Membrane proteins

Transport substances, receive signals, act as enzymes

Cells

Electrochemical gradient

Generates and helps to maintain the electrochemical gradient reuqires for muscles and neuron function

Cells- Transport Across Membrane

Simple Diffusion

Small/ nonpolar molecules.

No protein needed

No ATP needed

Move down their concentration gradient ( high to low)

Cells- Transport Across Membrane

Facilitates Diffusion

Polar molecules/ ions

Need a Protein to pass the plasma membrane

Move down their concentration gradient ( high to low)

Cells- Transport Across Membrane

Osmosis

Moves Water

lower solute(salt) concentration —> higher solute(salt) concentration

Osmolarity= total concentration of solute particles in a solution

Cells- Transport Across Membrane

Osmosis

Hypotonic , hypertonic , and isotonic

Hypotonic- outside has less solute, water moves in and cell swells

Hypertonic- outside has more solute, water moves out of cell and cells shrink

Isotonic- same concentration of solute of both sides

Cells- Transport Across Membrane

Active Transport , Primary and Secondary

Active Transport- uses ATP and moves against concentration gradient ( low to high)

Primary Transport- uses ATP directly , Na (3 out) and K (2 in)

Secondary Transport- uses stored energy in an ion gradient crated by primary active transport

Cells

Electrochemical Gradient

Chemical Gradient= change in concentration

Electrical Gradient= change in charge

Electrochemical Gradient= both

Cells

Membrane Potential

Difference in electrical change between the inside and outside of the cell

Created when cell membrane has unequal distributions of ions

3 Na+ OUT of cell , 2 K+ IN to the cell —> inside stays negative

Cells- Classes of chemical messengers

Autocrine

Secreted by cells in a local area: increase the activity of the same cell from which it was secreted.

Cells- Classes of chemical messengers

Paracrine

Produced by a wide variety of tissues and secretes into extracellular fluid : has a localized effect on other tissues

Cells- Classes of chemical messengers

Neurotransmitters

Produced by Neurons: secreted inti a synaptic cleft by presynaptic nerve terminals. TRAVELS SHORT DISTANCES

Cells- Classes of chemical messengers

Endocrine

Creates into the blood by specialized cells ; Travels some distance to target tissues, coordinated regulation of cell fuction

Thyroid hormone, growth hormone

Tissues

4 main Tissues + functions

Epithelial- covers

Connective - Supports

Muscles- Produces movements

Nervous- controls

Tissues

Connective Tissue- 3 main components

Ground Substance- material that fills the space between the cells and fibers

Fibers- provide strength and/ or flexability

Cells - perform different functions depending on the tissue

Tissues-Cell junctions

Tight junction

Seals the space between cells so substances cant easily pass between them

Tissues-Cell junctions

Desmosomes

Strongly anchor cells together and prevent them from pulling apart

Tissues-Cell junctions

Gap Junctions

Allows small molecules and ions to pass directly from cell to cell, allowing cells to communicate

Tissues

Similarities between cartilages

Chondrocytes are main cell, in small bubbles called lacunae

Avascular, no blood vessels

Firm and flexible extracellular matrix surrounding cells

Tissues

How cartilage is different from other cells

Has a lot of extracellular matric and relatively few cells

Tissues

Cartilage

Hyaline- smooth, Trachea

Elastic cartilage- stretchy, external ear

Fibro- Strongest, Intervertebral discs

Skin

Functions + Structures

Epidermis, dermis, and hypdermis

Protect, regulates temp, and hypodermis