Neuro Patho

where is the lowest threshold for action potential

at axon hillock

what is the saltatory conduction for action potential

rapid ion flow between myelinated nodes

what is the myelin sheath for action potential

increases conduction velocity by Schwann cells

presynaptic neuron

sends sigal towards synapse

postsynaptic neuron

receives signal away from synapse

synaptic cleft

gap between communicating cells

excitatory neurotransmitters

glutamate, epinephrine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, histamine, dopamine

inhibitory neurotransmitters

GABA, serotonin, glycine, dopamine

action mechanism of EPSPs

depolarization

action mechanism of IPSPs

hyperpolarization

what does the reticular activating system RAS do

mediates arousal and wakefulness

what does the hypothalamus do

thermoregulation and neuroendocrine control

what does basal ganglia do

motor function control

what parts of the brain control cognition and wakefulness

RAS, hypothalamus and basal ganglia

what parts of the brain control emotion and pain processing

cerebral cortex, amygdala, and limbic system

what does the cerebral cortex do

perception of pain and learned responses

what does the amygdala do

emotional processing and pain responses

what does the limbic system do

emotional responses to pain and memory

pathology of CSF

defects in arachnoid granulations impair reabsorption

what is hydrocephalus in relation to CSF

excess fluid accumulation in ventricles

clinical signs of issues with CSF

unsteady gait, cognitive decline and urinary urgency

pain definition

unpleasant sensory/emotional experience with actual/potential tissue damage

afferent pathways of pain

carry pain signal from PNS to dorsal horn

gate control theory

a-beta touch fibers can close the spinal pain gate

acute pain

protective, last less than 3 months

chronic pain

serves no protective purpose, lasts at least 3 months

nociceptive pain

associated with normal tissue injury, somatic and visceral

neuropathic pain

results from nervous system session or dysfunction

phantom limb pain mechanism

central sesnitatization and pathologic CNS changes after amputation

required chitin for phantom limb pain

person must have had pain in the limb before amputation

prevention of phantom limb pain

target pre existing pain and central sensitization

high nociceptor areas

palms, forehead and joints receive greater pain levels

visceral pain

poorly localized due to fewer nocipectors in internal organs

endogenous opioids

enkephalins, endorphins, dynorphins, endorphins inhibit pain impulses

normal thermo range and control

by hypothalamus, 97.2-99.9

heat stroke

medical emergency, thermoregulation breakdown, brain temp limit over 40C

heat exhaustion

prolonged vasodilation, profuse sweating, hypotension, tachycardia

respiratory control

regulated by neural drives and central chemoreceptors

post hyperventilation apnea

CO2 levels drop, reducing respiratory stimulus

demyelinating disorders

multiple sclerosis and Gillian barre syndrome

what is multiple sclerosis

chronic autoimmune CNS demyelination with scarring

what is guillian barre syndrome

acute autoimmune peripheral nerve demyelination

neuromuscular junction disorders

myasthenia gravis

what is myasthenia gravis

igG antibodies destroy acetylcholine receptors

neurogenerative disorders

parkinsons disease, alzhiemers disease, Huntingtons disease

what is Parkinson disease

basal ganglia degeneration and dopamine loss in nigrostriatal pathway

what is alzhiemers disease

neurofibrillary tangles, neuritic plaques, and acetylcholine loss

what is Huntingtons disease

progressive inheirted neurodegenerative disorder with brain degeneration

immediate effects of traumatic brain injuries

often followed by vital sign instability

difference between primary and secondary traumatic brain injury

direct impact injury versus secondary hypo perfusion and edema

glasgow coma scale

severity assessment by eye, verbal and moto responses

cervical spinal injury risk

C4 or above affects phrenic motor neurons causing respiratory paralysis

autonomic hyperreflexia spinal cord trauma

T6 or above spinal lesion causes sudden severe hypertension and bradycardia

what is the difference between spinal shock and neurogenic shock

differentiated by reflex cessation versus loss of sympathetic tone

primary risk factor of cerebrovascular accidents

undiagnosed or untreated hypertension

embolic type of stroke

fragments from outside the brain

hemorrhagic type of stroke

spontaneous bleeding

what frequently causes hemispheric strokes

middle cerebral artery

what is a subarachnoid hemorrhage

blood in CSF irritates meninges, causing sudden severe explosive headache

adult locations of CNS tumors

supra temporal

child locations of CNS tumors

infratentorial

treatment barrier for CNS tumors

blood brain barrier makes chemotherapy delivery difficult

immediate nursing action for seizures and epilepsy

provide oxygen, maintain open airway and position patient safely

status epilepticus

unrelenting seizure activity lasting 30 minutes or more, medical emergency

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

hallucinations, delusion and catatonic behavior

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

affective flattening, logia, abolition, loss of normal function

depression neurotransmitters in mood disorders

decreased receptor binding of serotonin, deficits in norepinephrine and dopamine

bipolar 1 disorder

depression with mania

bipolar 2 disorder

depression with hypomania

aphasia

complete loss of language ability

dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

dysphagia

inability to swallow

hemiplegia

paralysis on one side of the body

paraplegia

paralysis of the lower half of the body

quadriplegia

paralysis of all four limbs

hypotonia

decreased muscle tone

hypertonia

increased muscle tone

spasticity

hyper excitability of stretch reflexes

rigidity

firm and tense muscles, plastic or cogwheel