Exam 4 POC

G.V. Black Class I

Pits and fissures.

G.V. Black Class II

Proximal surfaces of molars and premolars.

G.V. Black Class III

Anterior proximal surfaces without incisal edge involvement.

G.V. Black Class IV

Anterior proximal surfaces with incisal edge involvement.

G.V. Black Class V

Cervical third of facial or lingual surfaces.

G.V. Black Class VI

Cusp tips and incisal edges.

Erosion

Tooth loss from acid, without bacteria.

Attrition

Tooth-to-tooth wear, often from grinding.

Abrasion

Tooth wear from outside friction, such as aggressive brushing.

Abfraction

V-shaped notch near the gumline associated with tooth stress and flexing.

Physiological wear

Slow tooth wear from normal function and aging.

Pathological wear

Faster tooth wear from excessive forces or acid exposure.

Enamel hypoplasia

Disrupted enamel matrix development.

Hypomineralization

Too little mineral in enamel, making it porous, soft, and weak.

Amelogenesis imperfecta

Genetic enamel disorder causing thin, pitted, grooved, or missing enamel.

Fluorosis

White markings, mottling, or brown pitting from excess fluoride while teeth develop.

Tetracycline staining

Permanent yellow, gray, or brown tooth discoloration from antibiotic exposure during development.

Enamel fracture

Fracture limited to enamel.

Crown fracture without pulp involvement

Broken crown that does not involve the pulp.

Crown fracture with pulp involvement

Broken crown that involves the pulp.

Crown-root fracture

Fracture involving the crown and root.

Root fracture

Fracture in the coronal, middle, or apical part of the root.

Concussion

Tender tooth without loosening or displacement.

Subluxation

Loose, tender tooth that has not moved position.

Extrusion

Tooth partly displaced out of its socket.

Intrusion

Tooth pushed into its socket.

Lateral luxation

Tooth displaced sideways; may be locked in position.

Avulsion

Tooth completely out of its socket.

Infraction

Hairline enamel crack or craze line.

CDT

Current Dental Terminology; standardized dental procedure codes.

Dental caries

Biofilm-mediated, sugar-driven disease that causes mineral loss from teeth.

Biofilm

Dental plaque containing microorganisms.

Caries requirements

Susceptible tooth, bacteria, fermentable carbohydrates, and time.

Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus

Main bacteria identified in the caries process.

Fermentable carbohydrates

Sugars and processed starches that bacteria use to make acid.

Demineralization

Acids dissolve calcium and phosphate out of teeth.

Remineralization

Calcium and phosphate are deposited back into enamel.

Enamel critical pH

5.5.

Dentin critical pH

6.2.

Neutral pH

7.0.

Saliva

Buffers acid, clears food and bacteria, and supplies minerals to teeth.

Pit-and-fissure caries

Decay beginning in pits, grooves, or small enamel faults.

Smooth-surface caries

Decay on smooth surfaces where plaque remains.

Primary caries

Decay on a previously unaffected surface.

Incipient caries

Early decay without enamel breakthrough.

Recurrent caries

Decay next to or underneath a restoration.

Arrested caries

Decay that has stopped progressing and has a hard surface.

Rampant caries

Rapidly spreading decay with early pulp involvement.

Root caries

Decay on exposed cementum and dentin; often soft, shallow, and yellow-brown.

Early childhood caries

Decay, a filling, or a tooth missing due to decay in a child under 6.

Non-cavitated lesion

Carious change without a break in the tooth surface.

Cavitated lesion

Decay with a break in the tooth surface that forms a cavity.

Sound surface

No evidence of caries after 5 seconds of air-drying.

Early caries

Carious white or brown opacity or discoloration.

Moderate caries

Enamel breakdown without exposed dentin, or an underlying dentinal shadow.

Advanced caries

Distinct cavity with exposed dentin.

Active caries

Dull, rough lesion; exposed dentin may feel soft or leathery.

Inactive caries

Shiny, smooth lesion; exposed dentin feels hard.

Ball-ended probe

Rounded probe used gently to check surface breakdown and lesion texture.

FSDH caries detection

Remove appliances, clean, isolate, remove saliva, inspect wet, dry 5 seconds, inspect dry, probe if needed.

CAMBRA

Caries Management by Risk Assessment; estimates risk to guide care.

Low caries risk

CAMBRA score of -8 to -2.

Moderate caries risk

CAMBRA score of -1 to +2.

High caries risk

CAMBRA score of +3 to +17.

Extreme caries risk

CAMBRA score of +18 to +30, or high risk with xerostomia.

Xerostomia

Dry mouth.

Gracey curet

Area-specific curet with a rounded toe and back, semicircular cross section, and one usable lower edge per end.

Gracey face angle

About 70 degrees to the lower shank.

Gracey 1/2

All anterior tooth surfaces.

Gracey 11/12

Posterior facial, lingual, and mesial surfaces; anterior mesial and distal surfaces.

Gracey 13/14

Posterior distal surfaces; anterior mesial and distal surfaces.

Universal curet

Curet for anterior and posterior crowns and roots, with two usable cutting edges per end.

Universal face angle

90 degrees to the lower shank.

Self-angulated curet

Gracey working angle is correct when its lower shank is parallel to the tooth surface.

Toe-third

Leading third of a curet working end that stays against the tooth.

Gracey 1/2 working-end selection

Correct face tilts toward the tooth at the facial or lingual midline.

Posterior distal working-end selection

Lower shank parallel to distal surface; functional shank goes up and over the tooth.

Insertion angulation

Closed face-to-tooth angle of 0-40 degrees.

Calculus-removal angulation

Face-to-tooth angle of 70-80 degrees.

Handle rolling

Turning the handle slightly to keep the working end adapted around line angles.

Assessment stroke

Light feeling stroke used to find and assess calculus.

Calculus-removal stroke

Short, controlled biting stroke away from the gingiva or pocket base.

Horizontal strokes

Useful at posterior distofacial/distolingual line angles and anterior facial/lingual midlines.

Multidirectional strokes

Vertical, oblique, and horizontal strokes used together.

Tactile sensitivity

Sense of touch used to feel deposits and tooth surfaces.

Sickle scaler

Pointed, triangular instrument for supragingival calculus; two cutting edges per working end.

Tip-third

Leading part of a sickle scaler kept against the tooth.

Supragingival calculus

Calculus above the gingival margin.

Subgingival calculus

Calculus below the gingival margin.

Burnished calculus

Calculus smoothed over rather than removed.

Occlusion

Relationship between upper and lower teeth.

Malocclusion

An unacceptable relationship between upper and lower teeth.

Mesognathic

Straight facial profile; tends toward Class I.

Retrognathic

Retruded mandible; tends toward Class II.

Prognathic

Protruded mandible; tends toward Class III.

Angle Class I

Lower first-molar buccal groove aligns with upper first-molar mesiobuccal cusp.

Angle Class II

Lower first-molar buccal groove is distal to upper first-molar mesiobuccal cusp by at least a premolar width.

Angle Class II Division 1

Class II with flared upper incisors.

Angle Class II Division 2

Class II with retruded upper incisors.

Angle Class III

Lower first-molar buccal groove is mesial to upper first-molar mesiobuccal cusp by at least a premolar width.