Practical 2 study guide

Abductor pollicis brevis:

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- moves the thumb away from the palm

Functional groups-

• Synergists- abductor pollicis longus

• Antagonists- adductor pollicis

• muscle group- thenar muscles

Adductor longus:

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- adducts, flexes, and medially rotates thigh

Functional groups-

• Muscle Group- adductor group

• Synergists- other adductors, rectus femoris

Adductor magnus

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- adducts, flexes, and medially rotates thigh

Functional groups-

• muscle group- hip adductor group

Anconeus

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- helps extend forearm at elbow joint

Functional Groups-

• Synergist- acts as a synergist to the triceps brachii

• Antagonists-acts as an antagonist to the elbow flexors

Biceps brachii

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- flexion of forearm and rapid supination of forearm

Functional Groups-

• Antagonist (Opposing Muscles)- triceps brachii

• Synergists (Assisting Muscles)- brachialis, supinator

Biceps femoris

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- flexion of the leg at the knee joint, extension of the thigh, lateral rotation of leg when knee is bent

Functional Groups-

• Muscle Group- hamstrings

• Synergists- Other hamstrings, gluteus maximus

• Antagonists- quadriceps

Brachialis

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- flexion of forearm

Functional Groups-

• Agonist (prime mover)- primary driver of elbow flexion

• Synergists- biceps brachii, Brachioradialis

• Antagonists- triceps brachii and anconeus

Brachioradialis

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- elbow flexion

Functional Groups-

• Synergists- brachialis, biceps brachii

• Antagonists- triceps brachii, alconeus

Buccinator

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- compress cheeks for chewing and swallowing, pulls corner of mouth for smiling

Functional Groups-

• synergists- temporalis, massester, orbicularis oris

Coracobrachialis

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Bends the arm forward at the shoulder joint

Functional Groups-

• Synergists- pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, latissimus dorsi, and teres major

• Antagonists- Acts as a strong antagonist to the deltoid

Deltoid

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- shoulder abduction, shoulder flexion, shoulder extension

Functional Groups-

• Synergists- supraspinatus, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi

• Antagonists- latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, teres major, triceps brachii

Diaphragm

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- inhalation

Functional Groups-

• Synergists- external intercostals

• Antagonists- internal intercostals, abdominal muscles

Digastric

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- depresses mandible, elevates hyoid

Functional Groups-

• Synergists- mylohyoid, geniohyoid

• Antagonists- masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid

Erector spinae

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- extension of vertebral column, lateral flexion of vertebral column

Functional Groups-

• Synergists- multifidus, semispinalis

• Antagonists- rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique

Extensor carpi radialis

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- wrist extension, wrist abduction

Functional Groups-

• Synergists- extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor digitorum

• Antagonists- flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- wrist extension, wrist adduction

Functional Groups-

• Synergists- extensor carpi radialis, extensor digitorum

• Antagonists- flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis

Extensor digitorum

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- finger extension, wrist extension

Functional Groups-

• Synergists- extensor carpi radialis, extensor carpi ulnaris

• Antagonists- flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus

Extensor digiti minimi

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- extension of the little finger, wrist extension

Functional Groups-

• Synergists- extensor digitorum, extensor carpi ulnaris

• Antagonists- flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus

Extensor policis brevis

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- extension of the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal joint and carpometacarpal joint

Functional Groups-

• Synergists- extensor pollicis longus, abductor pollicis longus

• Antagonists- flexor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis longus

Extensor pollicis longus

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- extension of the thumb at the interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal, and carpometacarpal joints

Functional Groups-

• Synergists- extensor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis longus

• Antagonists- flexor pollicis longus, flexor pollicis brevis

External abdominal oblique

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- trunk flexion, lateral flexion of trunk, rotation of trunk to the opposite side, compresses abdomen

Functional Groups-

• Synergists- internal abdominal oblique, rectus abdominis, transversus abdominis

• Antagonists- erector spinae, opposite external abdominal oblique

External intercostals

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- elevates ribs during innhalation

Functional Groups-

• Synergists- diaphragm, internal intercostals (interchondral portion)

• Antagonists- internal intercostals (interosseous portion)

Fibularis longus

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- foot eversion, plantar flexion of the ankle

Functional Groups-

• Synergists- fibularis brevis, fibularis tertius

• Antagonists- tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior

Flexor carpi radialis

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- wrist flexion, wrist abduction

Functional Groups-

• Synergists- palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris

• Antagonists- extensor carpi radialis, extensor carpi ulnaris

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- wrist flexion, wrist adduction

Functional Groups-

• Synergists- flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus

• Antagonists- extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis

Flexor digitorum profundus

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- flexion of fingers at the distal interphalangeal joints, wrist flexion

Functional Groups-

• Synergists- flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor carpi radialis

• Antagonists- extensor digitorum, extensor carpi radialis

Flexor digitorum longus

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- flexion of toes 2–5, plantar flexion of ankle

Functional Groups-

• Synergists- flexor hallucis longus, tibialis posterior

• Antagonists- extensor digitorum longus, tibialis anterior

Flexor digitorum superficialis

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- flexion of fingers 2–5 at the proximal interphalangeal joints, wrist flexion

Functional Groups-

• Synergists- flexor digitorum profundus, flexor carpi radialis

• Antagonists- extensor digitorum, extensor carpi radialis

Flexor hallucis longus

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- flexion of great toe, plantar flexion of ankle

Functional Groups-

• Synergists- flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior

• Antagonists- extensor hallucis longus, tibialis anterior

Flexor pollicis longus

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- flexion of thumb at the interphalangeal joint, wrist flexion

Functional Groups-

• Synergists- flexor pollicis brevis, flexor digitorum profundus

• Antagonists- extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis

Frontalis

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead

Functional Groups-

• Synergists- occipitalis

• Antagonists- orbicularis oculi, corrugator supercilii

Gastrocnemius

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- plantar flexion of ankle, flexion of knee

Functional Groups-

• Synergists- soleus, plantaris

• Antagonists- tibialis anterior, quadriceps femoris

Gluteus maximus

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- hip extension, hip lateral rotation

Functional Groups-

• Synergists- hamstrings, adductor magnus

• Antagonists- iliopsoas, rectus femoris, tensor fasciae latae

Gluteus medius

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- hip abduction, medial rotation of hip

Functional Groups-

• Synergists- gluteus minimus, tensor fasciae latae

• Antagonists- adductor longus, adductor magnus, adductor brevis

Gluteus minimus

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- hip abduction, medial rotation of hip

Functional Groups-

• Synergists- gluteus medius, tensor fasciae latae

• Antagonists- adductor longus, adductor magnus, adductor brevis

Gracilis

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- hip adduction, knee flexion, medial rotation of leg

Functional Groups-

• Synergists- adductor longus, adductor magnus, sartorius

• Antagonists- gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fasciae latae

Illiopsoas

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Hip flexion, lateral rotation of hip

Functional Groups-
Synergists- Rectus femoris, sartorius, tensor fasciae latae
Antagonists- Gluteus maximus, hamstrings, gluteus medius

Infraspinatus

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Lateral rotation of arm, stabilizes shoulder joint

Functional Groups-
Synergists- Teres minor, posterior deltoid
Antagonists- Subscapularis, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi

Internal abdominal oblique

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Trunk flexion, lateral flexion of trunk, rotation of trunk to same side, compresses abdomen

Functional Groups-
Synergists- External abdominal oblique, rectus abdominis, transversus abdominis
Antagonists- Erector spinae, opposite internal abdominal oblique

Internal intercostals

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Depresses ribs during forced expiration

Functional Groups-
Synergists- Internal abdominal oblique, external abdominal oblique
Antagonists- External intercostals, diaphragm

Latissimus dorsi

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Shoulder extension, adduction, lateral rotation of arm

Functional Groups-
Synergists- Teres major, posterior deltoid, pectoralis major
Antagonists- Anterior deltoid, supraspinatus, pectoralis minor

Levator scapulae

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Elevates scapula, downward rotation of scapula

Functional Groups-
Synergists- Rhomboid major, rhomboid minor
Antagonists- Trapezius, serratus anterior

Masseter

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Elevates mandible (closes jaw)

Functional Groups-

Synergists- Temporalis, medial pterygoid

Antagonists- Digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid

Mylohyoid

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Elevates hyoid bone and floor of mouth; assists in depressing mandible

Functional Groups-

Synergists- Digastric, geniohyoid

Antagonists- Masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid

Orbicularis oculi

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Closes eyelids; blinking and squinting

Functional Groups-

Synergists- Corrugator supercilii

Antagonists- Levator palpebrae superioris, frontalis

Orbicularis oris

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Closes, purses, and protrudes lips

Functional Groups-

Synergists- Buccinator

Antagonists- None directly; muscles that open the mouth include digastric and mylohyoid

Palmaris longus

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Wrist flexion, tenses palmar aponeurosis

Functional Groups-

Synergists- Flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris Antagonists- Extensor carpi radialis, extensor carpi ulnaris

Pectineus

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Hip adduction, hip flexion

Functional Groups-

Synergists- Adductor longus, adductor brevis, gracilis Antagonists- Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fasciae latae

Pectoralis major

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Shoulder flexion, adduction, medial rotation of arm

Functional Groups-

Synergists- Latissimus dorsi, teres major, anterior deltoid

Antagonists- Posterior deltoid, infraspinatus, teres minor

Pectoralis minor

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Protracts and depresses scapula; assists with forced inhalation

Functional Groups-

Synergists- Serratus anterior, pectoralis major Antagonists- Middle trapezius, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor

Plantaris

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Weak plantar flexion of ankle, weak knee flexion

Functional Groups-

Synergists- Gastrocnemius, soleus

Antagonists- Tibialis anterior, quadriceps femoris

Pronator teres

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Pronates forearm, assists with elbow flexion

Functional Groups-

Synergists- Pronator quadratus, brachioradialis Antagonists- Supinator, biceps brachii

Rectus abdominis

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Trunk flexion, compresses abdomen

Functional Groups-

Synergists- External abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique

Antagonists- Erector spinae, multifidus

Rectus femoris

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Knee extension, hip flexion

Functional Groups-

Synergists- Vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, iliopsoas

Antagonists- Hamstrings, gluteus maximus

Rhomboid major

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Retracts scapula, downwardly rotates scapula, stabilizes scapula.

Functional Groups-

Synergists- Rhomboid minor, middle trapezius, levator scapulae.

Antagonists- Serratus anterior, pectoralis minor.

Rhomboid minor

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Retracts scapula, downwardly rotates scapula, stabilizes scapula.

Functional Groups-

Synergists- Rhomboid major, middle trapezius, levator scapulae.

Antagonists- Serratus anterior, pectoralis minor.

Sartorius

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Hip flexion, hip abduction, lateral rotation of the thigh, knee flexion.

Functional Groups-

Synergists- Iliopsoas, rectus femoris, tensor fasciae latae, gracilis.

Antagonists- Gluteus maximus, hamstrings, hip adductors.

Scalenes

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Flex neck, laterally flex neck, elevate first and second ribs during inhalation.

Functional Groups-

Synergists- Sternocleidomastoid, intercostals.

Antagonists- Splenius capitis, splenius cervicis, opposite-side scalenes.

Semimembranosus

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Knee flexion, hip extension, medial rotation of the leg when the knee is flexed.

Functional Groups-

Synergists- Semitendinosus, biceps femoris, gluteus maximus.

Antagonists- Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius.

Semitendinosus

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Knee flexion, hip extension, medial rotation of the leg when the knee is flexed.

Functional Groups-

Synergists- Semimembranosus, biceps femoris, gluteus maximus.

Antagonists- Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius.

Serratus anterior

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Protracts scapula, upwardly rotates scapula, holds scapula against the thoracic wall.

Functional Groups-

Synergists- Pectoralis minor, trapezius.

Antagonists- Rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, middle trapezius.

Soleus

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Plantar flexion of the ankle.

Functional Groups-

Synergists- Gastrocnemius, plantaris, tibialis posterior.

Antagonists- Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus.

Sternocleidomastoid

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Flexes neck, laterally flexes neck to the same side, rotates head to the opposite side.

Functional Groups-

Synergists- Scalenes, splenius capitis, splenius cervicis.

Antagonists- Splenius capitis, splenius cervicis, upper trapezius.

Sternohyoid

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Depresses the hyoid bone after swallowing.

Functional Groups-

Synergists- Omohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid.

Antagonists- Digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid.

Subscapularis

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Medially rotates arm, assists with shoulder adduction, stabilizes shoulder joint.

Functional Groups-

Synergists- Pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major.

Antagonists- Infraspinatus, teres minor, posterior deltoid.

Supraspinatus

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Initiates arm abduction, stabilizes shoulder joint.

Functional Groups-

Synergists- Middle deltoid, infraspinatus, teres minor.

Antagonists- Latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, teres major.

Temporalis

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Elevates mandible (closes jaw), retracts mandible.

Functional Groups-

Synergists- Masseter, medial pterygoid.

Antagonists- Digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, lateral pterygoid.

Tensor fasciae latae

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Hip flexion, hip abduction, medial rotation of the thigh; stabilizes the hip and knee.

Functional Groups-

Synergists- Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, sartorius.

Antagonists- Gluteus maximus, adductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor brevis

Teres major

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Shoulder extension, adduction, medial rotation of arm.

Functional Groups- Shoulder adductors and medial rotators.

Synergists- Latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, subscapularis.

Antagonists- Deltoid (middle and posterior fibers), supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor.

Teres minor

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Lateral rotation of arm, assists with shoulder adduction, stabilizes shoulder joint.

Functional Groups- Shoulder lateral rotators and rotator cuff muscles.

Synergists- Infraspinatus, posterior deltoid, supraspinatus.

Antagonists- Subscapularis, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major.

Tibialis anterior

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Dorsiflexion of ankle, inversion of foot.

Functional Groups- Ankle dorsiflexors and foot invertors.

Synergists- Extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, fibularis tertius.

Antagonists- Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, fibularis longus, fibularis brevis.

Tibialis posterior

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Plantar flexion of ankle, inversion of foot; supports the medial arch.

Functional Groups- Ankle plantar flexors and foot invertors.

Synergists- Soleus, gastrocnemius, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus.

Antagonists- Tibialis anterior, fibularis longus, fibularis brevis, fibularis tertius.

Transverse abdominis

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Compresses abdominal contents, stabilizes the trunk, supports abdominal organs.

Functional Groups- Abdominal wall muscles and core stabilizers.

Synergists- Internal abdominal oblique, external abdominal oblique, rectus abdominis, diaphragm.

Antagonists- Erector spinae, multifidus.

Trapezius

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Elevates, retracts, depresses, and upwardly rotates scapula; extends neck.

Functional Groups- Scapular movers and neck extensors.

Synergists- Levator scapulae, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, serratus anterior.

Antagonists- Pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, sternocleidomastoid.

Triceps (medial, long, and lateral heads)

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Elbow extension; long head also assists with shoulder extension and adduction.

Functional Groups- Elbow extensors.

Synergists- Anconeus, posterior deltoid (assists shoulder extension).

Antagonists- Biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis.

Vastus intermedius

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Knee extension.

Functional Groups- Quadriceps femoris; knee extensors.

Synergists- Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis.

Antagonists- Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus.

Vastus lateralis

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Knee extension.

Functional Groups- Quadriceps femoris; knee extensors.

Synergists- Rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius.

Antagonists- Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus.

Vastus medialis

Action, functional groups, location?

Actions- Knee extension; helps stabilize the patella.

Functional Groups- Quadriceps femoris; knee extensors.

Synergists- Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius.

Antagonists- Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus.

Nervous System

Split in two: Peripheral Nervous system (nerves and ganglia), and Central nervous system (Brain and spinal cord)

Nervous Tissue

Neuron

Neuroglia

Dendrites

Soma

Axon hillock

Axon

Axon terminal bulbs

Brain

Cerebrum

White matter

Grey matter

Gyri and sulci

Pre and post central gyri

Central sulcus

Longitudinal fissure

Lateral sulcus

Lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula

Corpus callosum (Septum pellucidum)

Cerebellum

Purkinje cells