Exam 1 (Chap. 1-4) URI BIO220

Levels of organization

atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

Organ systems of the body

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

Frontal

forehead

Cephalic

head

Cranial

skull

mental

chin

Axillary

armpit

Brachial

arm

Antecubital

front of elbow

ocular

eye

Buccal

cheek

Cervical

neck

Thoracic

chest

Abdominal

abdomen

The thoracic, mammary, abdominal and umbilical and pelvic is all apart of the ________

trunk

Antebrachial

forearm

Carpal

wrist

Palmar

palm

Pollex

thumb

digits

fingers, toes

Patellar

kneecap

Crural

leg

Tarsal

ankle

hallux

big toe

pedal

foot

Femoral

thigh

Pubic

pubis

Inguinal

groin

manual

hand

Acromial

shoulder

Dorsal

back

Olecranal

back of elbow

Lumbar

loin

Popliteal

back of knee

Sural

calf

Calcaneal

heel

plantar

sole of foot

What's in the upper right quadrant?

Liver, gallbladder, large intestine, and small intestine

What's in the lower right quadrant?

Appendix

What's in the upper left quadrant?

Stomach and Spleen

What's in the lower left quadrant?

Urinary Bladder

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Lateral

away from the midline

Medial

toward the midline

cranial/cephalic

toward the head

Caudal

toward the tail

Posterior

toward the back

Anterior

front of the body

frontal plane

Divides the body into front and back portions.

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

tranverse plane

a horizontal plane that divides the body into a top half and a bottom half

serous membrane

thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities and secretes a fluid that keeps the membrane moist; also called serosa

parietal serosa

lines internal body cavity walls

visceral serosa

covers the internal organs

A homeostatic regulatory mechanism consists of...

The receptor, control center, and the effector

negative feedback

The response of the effector negates the stimulus. The body is brought back into homeostasis.

positive feedback

A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will amplify the change. Takes organism away from a steady state.

Homeostasis is a...

state of equilibrium

dynamic equilibrium

continual adaptation

covalent bond

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

polar covalent bond

A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally

In a chemical reaction

either new bonds are formed or existing bonds are broken

Reactants

materials going into a reaction

Products

materials coming out of a reaction

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur at the same time

biochemical reactions

in cells, do not occur spontaneously

activation energy

Energy needed to get a reaction started

Enzymes

proteins that act as biological catalysts. they also lower thr activation energy of reactions

exergonic reaction

releases energy

endergonic reaction

absorb energy

Metabolites are

molecules made or broken down in the body

inorganic compounds

carbon dioxide, oxygen, water, and inorganic acids, bases, and salts

organic molecules

molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

Hydrophilic

Attracted to water

Hydrophobic

Water fearing

Colloid

A mixture containing small, undissolved particles that do not settle out.

Suspension

A mixture in which particles can be seen and easily separated by settling or filtration

Acid

A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.

Base

A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.

weak acids and bases

-Fail to dissociate completely

-Help to balance the pH

Buffers

weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH

Antacids

uses sodium bicarbonate to neutralize hydrochloric acid in the stomach

Organic molecules include

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

Monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

Disaccharides are

sucrose, lactose, maltose

Polysaccharides

glycogen, starch, cellulose

Lipids are

fatty acids, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids, and glycerides

Seven Major Protein Functions

1. Support

• Structural proteins

2. Movement

• Contractile proteins

3. Transport

• Transport (carrier)

proteins

4. Buffering

• Regulation of pH

5. Metabolic Regulation

• Enzymes

6. Coordination and

Control

• Hormones

7. Defense

• Antibodies

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

controls intermediate steps in protein synthesis

Most __________ are derived from nucleotides

high-energy compounds

adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

Nucleotide that contains one phosphate group

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

contains two phosphate groups

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

one of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy

functions of plasma membrane

physical isolation, regulation of exchange with the environment, sensitivity to the environment, structural support

structural features of the plasma membrane

The plasma membrane has a flexible outer boundary. Its functions are to

-regulate exchange of ions and nutrients with the environment

-structural support

List the organelles

1. Nucleus

2. Ribosomes

3. ER

4. Golgi apparatus

5. Vacuoles and vesicles

6. Mitochondria

7. Cytoplasm

8. Centrioles

9. Lysosomes

10. Cytoskeleton

11. Chloroplasts

function of nucleus

Directs all the cells activities; contains the cells DNA

The genetic code is:

universal