Physiology of Articulation and Resonance pt 2

https://chatgpt.com/c/6aec99a5-25d8-83ea-b1fe-29c74aad7190

Emergence vs. Mastery: What is emergence?

When a child begins producing a phoneme, but production is still inconsistent

What happens to a child's phoneme production during emergence?

• Production is inconsistent.

• The child can produce the sound sometimes, but not reliably

In emergence correct production requires ______voluntary _______

purposeful; planning

Emergence vs. Mastery: What is mastery?

child consistently producing target phonemes

What happens to muscle movements during mastery?

Muscle movements become coordinated and well-controlled

What happens to motor (procedural) memory during mastery?

Motor (procedural) memory has formed; higher-level planning is not necessary

Sound is beginning to appear

Inconsistent production

Requires purposeful planning

Movements not fully coordinated

Emergence

Sound is consistently produced

Consistent production

More automatic

Movements coordinated and controlled

Mastery

What is coordinated articulation?

Articulation requires multiple muscles and articulators to work together to produce speech sounds

Why is speech so complex?

Speech must be:

1. Fast: We produce speech sounds very quickly.

2. Planned ahead: We plan multiple phonemes and even several words before speaking.

3. Consistent and accurate: We should be able to produce sounds accurately across different contexts and repeated attempts.

4. Connected to feedback: We use touch and hearing to monitor our speech.

5. Learned through practice: Repeated practice helps us develop accurate speech movements

Speech must be: Fast

We produce speech sounds very quickly

Speech must be: Planned ahead

We plan multiple phonemes and even several words before speaking

Speech must be: Consistent and accurate

We should be able to produce sounds accurately across different contexts and repeated attempts.

Speech must be: Connected to feedback

We use touch and hearing to monitor our speech

Speech must be: Learned through practice

Repeated practice helps us develop accurate speech movements

Three important parts of speech production:

Motor planning, Sensory feedback, Practice

Motor planning

The brain plans the movements needed to produce speech.

For example, when you want to say "cat," your brain must organize the movements needed to produce /k/, /æ/, and /t/ in the correct order.

Sensory feedback

We use information from our senses to monitor and adjust speech.

• Auditory feedback: Hearing how we sound.

• Tactile feedback: Feeling where our articulators make contact

Auditory feedback

Hearing how we sound

Tactile feedback:

Feeling where our articulators make contact

Practice:

Practice helps speech movements become more accurate and automatic.

• Initial productions are more general and require more feedback.

• With practice, movements become coordinated and automated.

• Automated speech requires less feedback.

From thought to speech (1)

Conceptual system

From thought to speech (2)

Phonological system

From thought to speech (3)

Motor execution

1. . Conceptual system

Idea → Words → Grammar

2. Phonological rules

Phonological rules → Sound sequences

3. Motor execution

Activates muscles to produce speech sounds

which one is true?

Before speaking, feedback systems at each stage help us identify and correct potential mistakes

which one is true?

After speaking, we receive external feedback and can self-correct

four challenges that speech production theories must explain

1. serial order

2. degrees of freedom

3. motor equivalence

4. context sensitivity

Four major challenges: serial order

Speech occurs in a sequence that unfolds over time.

For example, when saying "dog," we must produce /d/ → /ɔ/ → /g/ in the correct order.

Four major challenges: Degrees of freedom

Speech requires many different muscle groups to work together with precise timing and coordination.

For example, producing one word involves coordinating the tongue, lips, jaw, velum, and sometimes the larynx.

Four major challenges: Motor equivalence

There are many different ways to achieve the same speech goal (No motor invariance)

For example, you can still produce understandable speech while holding a piece of candy in your mouth, even though your articulators must move differently.

Four major challenges: Context sensitivity

Speech movements change with context: coarticulation, rate, stress, articulatory precision

Coarticulation

Sounds influence the movements of neighboring sounds

Speaking

rate Movements change depending on how fast you speak

Stress

Emphasized sounds can be produced differently

Articulatory precision

Movements change depending on how clearly you need to speak

Sounds must be in the correct sequence

Serial order

Many muscles must coordinate

Degrees of freedom

Different movements can achieve the same goal

Motor equivalence

Speech movements change depending on context

Context sensitivity

What are computational models?

They are computer-based systems designed to imitate the human speech production mechanism as closely as possible.

What question do computational models help researchers answer?

How far in advance do we plan our sentences before speaking?