macronutrients 1

6 major classes of nutrients

carbs, proteins, fats, water, vitamins, minerals

3 types of carbs

sugars, starches, fibers

3 types of vitamins

water soluble, fat soluble, vitamin-like compounds

2 types of minerals

macrominerals, microminerals

macronutrient measured in kg per day

water

macronutrients measured in grams/day

carbs, protein, fat, minerals

macronutrient measured in milligrams/day

vitamins

macronutrients that provide energy

carbs, proteins, fats

positive energy balance

weight gain

positive energy balance is necessary

during growth, gestation, and lactation

neutral energy balance

weight stable

negative energy balance

weight loss

negative energy balance is necessary

for achieving gradual weight loss

schematic of total gross energy

GE → DE → ME → NE → NEm or NEp

gross energy (GE) turns into

DE or energy lost in feces

DE turns into

ME or energy lost in urine/gases from GI tract

ME turns into

NE or energy lost as heat

NE turns into

NEm or NEp

gross energy is energy

supplied via food

digestible energy is the energy

remaining after some energy is lost in feces

metabolizable energy is the energy

remaining after some additional energy is lost via feces, urine, gases

ME is listed of

dog/cat foods for calorie content

deficiency

minimum requirement for a nutrient is not met

toxicity

maximum tolerable level for a nutrient has been exceeded

protein source also

contains fat

protein source examples

meat (by-product), poultry/fowl, eggs, organ meats, fish, seafood, dairy

examples of plant-based protein source providing proteins and carbs

legumes and pulses

legumes includes

leaves/stems/pods

pulses are

edible seeds like beans, lentils, peas

examples of plant-based protein source providing proteins

glutens, wheat/corn

glutens are from

grains

examples of plant-based fats

seeds, nuts, vegetable oils

examples of carb sources

vegetables, grains, potatoes, squashes, legumes, fruits, concentrated fiber supplements

types of concentrated fiber supplements

psyllium husk, cellulose, fructooligosaccharides, inulin

2 paths of carbohydrates

non-digestible or digestible

non-digestible carbs can be

fermented in the colon by intestinal bacteria

digestible carbs can be

digested by enzymes produced by the body

4 types of non-digestible carbs

non-fermentable, slowly fermentable, moderately fermentable, rapidly fermentable

insoluble fibers do not

absorb water

non-digestible carbs escape

enzymatic digestion in the small intestine

inulin is

highly fermentable, highly soluble

psyllium is

low fermentable, moderately soluble

cellulose is

low ferm, low sol

complete diet

contains all essential/required nutrients for a particular species/life-stage

balanced diet

contains all essential/required nutrients in the correct ratios for a particular species/life-stage

substantiation of nutrient content/adequacy of diet

computer analysis, laboratory testing, feeding trial (healthy animals), clinical trial (unhealthy animals)

nutritional adequacy is tested by

feeding trial, formulation + analysis, formulation

forages

edible parts of plants, other than separated grain, that provides feed for grazing animals

forages can also

be harvested for feeding

concentrates

low-fiber, high-energy feeds when compared to forages

concentrates have

variable protein content

concentration is used to

increase energy content of the ration and complement the forages