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18 Terms
Why does taking notes help you learn?
It makes you actively process, organize, and connect information instead of passively hearing it.
What is scientific inquiry?
The process of investigating questions about the natural world using observations, evidence, testing, and reasoning.
What are the basic steps of the scientific process?
Observation → Question → Hypothesis → Prediction → Experiment/Test → Data → Analysis → Conclusion.
What is an observation?
Information directly gathered through your senses or measurements.
What is an inference?
A conclusion or interpretation based on observations.
What is the difference between an observation and an inference?
An observation is what you detect; an inference is what you conclude from it.
What is a hypothesis?
A testable and falsifiable explanation for an observation.
What is a null hypothesis (H₀)?
The hypothesis that there is no effect, difference, or relationship.
What is an alternative hypothesis (Hₐ)?
The hypothesis that there is an effect, difference, or relationship.
What is correlation?
A relationship in which two variables change or are associated with each other.
Does correlation prove causation?
No. Correlation does not necessarily mean one variable causes the other.
What is causation?
When a change in one variable directly produces a change in another.
What is a controlled experiment?
An experiment where researchers manipulate an independent variable and measure its effect while controlling other variables.
What is an observational study?
A study where researchers observe and measure variables without manipulating them.
What is a comparative study?
A study that compares different groups, conditions, populations, or species to identify patterns or differences.
What is a p-value?
The probability of getting results at least as extreme as the observed results if the null hypothesis were true.
What does p < 0.05 generally mean?
The result is statistically significant, so we generally reject the null hypothesis.
What does p ≥ 0.05 generally mean?
The result is not statistically significant, so we fail to reject the null hypothesis.