Intelligence Tests

Adaptive testing

tailored testing, sequential testing, branched testing, and response-contigent testing

CAT

maximum info in minimum time, facilitates rapport, minimize potential for examinee fatigue

alternate item

substituted for regular item under specific conditions

army alpha test

administered to army recruits who could read

army beta test

Foreign born with poor knowledge of English or those without reading skills sufficient to be able to read newspaper or write letter home

associationism

perceptions and other complex aspects of cognition rooted in sensations and associations of sensations

auditory processing

how brain makes sense of sounds and spoken words

Digit pan, arithmetic subtest, verbal comp

basal level

Criterion must be met for test to continue (ex: two questions correct consecutively to progress)

Binet

broad abilities

Cattel-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Theory

General intelligence (g)

Broad abilities

Narrow abilities

Ceiling Level

If fail to reach certain items in row, ceiling level is reached and testing is discontinued

Cognitive style

Psychological dimension characterizes the consistency with which one acquires and processes information

Convergent thinking

Deductive reasoning entailing recall and fact consideration and series of logical judgements to narrow down solutions and arrive at one answer

Crystallized intelligence

Repository of knowledge and skills that have been useful in solving problems in past

exposure to culture and education

robust and stable, accumulates middle and late adulthood

Culture-fair intelligence test

test process designed to minimize influence of culture with regard to evaluation procedures (admin, item content, response required from test takers, and interpretations from resulting data)

Culture-free intelligence test

Issue nonverbal items do not sample same psychological processes as verbally loaded

has not been done yet

Confirmatory factor analysis

Test highly specific hypotheses (found factors and want to confirm them)

If two tests measure same ability, combined score more reliable

if two tests measure different ability, adding scores does not make sense

Deviation IQ

Test performance converted from ration IQ to standard score with mean of 100 and SD of 16

Culture loading

extent to which test incorporates vocab, concept, tradition, knowledge, and feelings associated with particular culture, country, or geographic location

Divergent thinking

thought is free to move in many directions with numerous solutions (creativity)

Extra-test behavior

Behavioral observation that may supplement formal test scores

Exploratory factor analysis

When exploring or looking for factors (examine/exclude)

Factor analysis

Group of statistical techniques designed to determine existence of underlying relationship between sets of variables, including test scores

Correlation coef that suggest evidence of underlying psychological dimensions

Floor

Lowest level of items on test

General fluid intelligence (g_f)

Identify patterns - solve unfamiliar problems and acquire new knowledge

vulnerable to brain injury, toxins, malnutrition, and disease — peak in early adulthood and decline

Flynn Effect

Intelligence inflation in past decades

g (factor of intelligence) theory

Underlying energy or general capacity driving overall mental performance

group factors

Mental abilities that are neither specific or general, but somewhere in between

intelligence

No single measure or theory for intelligence

Definitions undergo continual refinement - better tests - better data - better theories

interpersonal intelligence

Ability to understand OTHERS thoughts, feelings, emotions, and behaviors

intrapersonal intelligence

Ability to understand own thoughts, feelings, emotions, and behaviors

IQ (intelligence quotient)

Total score from standardized test to measure human cognitive abilities and intelligence

investment theory

Learning new domain of knowledge depends on time spent on

learning

interest

learning habits/skills

memory ability

fluid reasoning

narrow abilities

Correlations among fairly specific types of tests

Noëgenesis

Human mind tends to apprehend its experience, see patterns, and deduce knowledge from patterns

Tend to have highest general factor loading

PASS theory

Human intelligence defined by four distinct, brain-based processes rather than single general intelligence factor

Planning

Attention

Simultaenous processing

Successive processing

positive manifold

All tests of cognitive ability are somewhat positively correlated

primary mental abilities

Verbal comp, inductive reasoning, perceptual speed, word fluency, memory, spatial reasoning, and numeric ability

processing speed

Rate at which brain takes in simple info, makes sense of it, and produces quick response

ratio IQ

Calculated by mental age/chronological x 100

routing test

Task used to direct or route examinee to particular questions

High probability of questions at optimal level of difficulty

Activity names: Object series/matrices and vocab

Factor names: Nonverbal fluid reasoning, verbal knowledge

screening tool

Instrument or procedure used to identify particular trait or constellation of traits at gross or imprecise level

Simultaenous processing.

Many parts of the brain used at one time (identifying item as square)

Standford Binet

Mean = 100, SD = 15 on composite scores

subtests have mean = 10, sd = 3

Based on CHC theory of intellectual abilities

High reliability and validity

Undergone 5 adaptation (biggest change in standardization of sample now representative geographic location, SES, age, and race/ethnicity)

Successive processing

Each bit of information processed sequentially (memorizing telephone number)

teaching item

Illustrate task and ensure comprehension

not formally scored

Terman, lewis

Adapted and expanded Binet-Simon scale for use in US - IQ ratio popularized

theory of adaptive intelligence

Intelligence is defined as capacity to modify, shape, or select new environment to ensure individual and collective survival

Three-stratum theory of cognitive abilities

General, broad, and narrow

Two-factor theory of intelligence

every ability test though to be influenced by general ability (g) and specific ability (s)

Test with high positive coorelation with other IQ - high g

Test with low to moderate correlation with other IQ test - high s

Visual-spatial processing

Brains ability to percieve, interpret, and mentally manipulate where objects exist in space

Ex: mental rotation, block counting, mirroring

Wechsler, David

Created the WAIS

Factors: Verbal comprehension, working memory, perceptual reasoning, processing speech

General ability index (verbal comp and perceptual reasoning - good indicator of overall index intellectual ability)

Working memory capacity

Ability to store and process information simultaenously, multiplying two digit number in head

stronger working memory =

higher fluid intelligence

Wechsler (standardization)

mean = 100, sd = 15

specific abilities (s)

task specific skills required for particular subject or challenge according to Spearman

IQ scores converted in nominal categories with cutoff boundaries

• 145-160 - very gifted

• 130 -145 - gifted 

• 120-129 - superiors 

• 110 - 119 - high average 

• 90 – 109 - average 

• 80-89 - low average 

• 70 - 79 - borderline impaired or delayed

• 55 - 69 - mildly impaired or delayed 

• 40 - 54 - moderately impaired or delayed

infancy intelligence measuring

focused on sensorimotor development (nonverbal motor responses)

reliant on caregiver/parent structured interview info

Gardner multiple intelligences theory

•  Logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, linguistic, musical, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal 

  • Naturalist, spiritual, and existential

  • Tacit knowledge → acquired informally and implicitly from person’s environment 

  • No measures

intelligence consists of ability to (broadly speaking)

understand complex ideas (1), adapt effectively to environment (2), learn from experience (3), engage in various forms of responding (4), overcome obstacles by taking thought (5)

Galton

Believed intelligence found in ability to discriminate between small differences in sensations