VBSC 420 Pathology Exam 1

Lesion

tissue change due to disease process

Gross Lesion

visible change to naked eye

Microscopic lesion

cellular level need microscope

Acute

short duration,

active inflamation

hours/couple days

Chronic

long duration

days to weeks

fibrosis

Inflamation

influx of inflam cells into tissue in response to stimuli

Fibrosis

replacement of dmged tissue by fibrous tissue

Focal

1 spot, gun shot wound

Multifocal

in multiple separate areas

locally extensive

large area extending from a single point

Disseminated

evenly dist. in many spots in organ

Diffuse

whole organ affected, no more normal tissue

coalessing

focal points in 1 area start to overlap

Leukocyte

WBC

travel through blood and lymph

SCT, produced in bone marrow

Neutrophils

suppurative/purulent

fight bacta (foot soldiers)

Eosinophil

eosinophilic

fight parasites

allergic rxns

Macrophage

granulomatous

fungi and forgein bodies

Lymphocytes

lymphocytic

produce antibodies

fight virus

Pyrogranulomatous

neutrophil + macrophage

Suppurative Inflam

pus composed of dead neutrophils and bacta, bacteria infection

Granulomatous Inflam

macrophages produce nodules called granulomas

“itis”

inflamation

“osis”

non inflam condition

Neoplasm

unregulated cell proliferation

Benign Tumor

do not invade surrounding tissue

Malignant Tumor

invade surround tissue and spread to other locations aka cancer

Metastasis

spread of neoplastic cells ti distant locations through blood and lymph

Local invasion

spread of neoplastic cells to adjacent tissue

Carcinoma

epithelial cell neoplasia.

Sarcoma

mesenchymal (spindle) cell neoplasia

Round cell tumor

round cell neoplasia

Helminths

nematodes, very common

Arthropods

external parasites, vectors, mites tics ect

Platyhelminth

cestodes

tapeworm, segments

Protozoa

single cell, common cause internal dis

Osteo

related to bones

Orthopedics

diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal dis.

Axial skeleton

core, skeleton, vertebral column, ribs, sternum

Bone function

mineral storage and mobilization, calcium and phosphorus

Osteoblasts

build bone and produce osteoid. Located on surface of bone

osteoclast

cut away bone, release calcium, reabsorb minerlized bone matrix

Osteoid

organic portion of bone matrix

hydroxyapatite

inorganic section of bone, calcium and phosphorus

Lamellar bone

Strong and stable, parallel organization, dense mature bone

woven bone

immature bone, random organization, bone being remodeled. Growth/disease

Trabecular (cancellous) bone

spongy bone, ends of long bones, honey comb shape

Compact (cortical bone)

dense bone, matrix filled

Endochondral ossification

growth in long bones from growth plate cartilage

Fill in the blanks for Endochondral Ossification Steps

1. ___→ Osteoid→ 2. ___→ 3. ____→ 4.___

1. cartilage 2. Mineralization 3. woven bone 4. lamellar bone

Pathologic Fracture

caused by increased susceptibility to fractures due to underlying bone abnormality

Osteopenia and Osteoporosis

decreased mineral bone denstiy

Osteomyelitis

bone infection

Bone Neoplasia

common cause of bone fracture in companion animals

Simple Fracture

clean break into two parts

Comminuted Fracture

many parts, shattered

Compound fracture

fractured bone breaks through skins

Greenstick fracture

periosteum is still intact

Avulsion Fracture

Ligament pulls off bone fragment

Chondrodysplasia

affects growth cartilage on long bones, disproportionate dwarfism. Big head, short limbs. Dachshund, Basset Hounds

Osteoclast Failure

Failed bone resorption.

Caused by Bovine Viral diarrhea virus In-utero infection, genetic mutation

Osteogenisis Imperfecta

collagen defect leads to bone fracture. Bones break during birth leading to mortality. Growth plates not affected.

Fibrous Osteodystrophy

To much Parathyroid hormone causes increased osteoclast activity which leads to excessive bone resorption. Causes weak bones.

Increased calcium mobilization from bone can be caused by

too much parathyroid hormone

Renal secondary hyerparathyroidism

Fibrous Osteodystrophy in dogs. Decreased kidney function causes increased parathyroid hormone.

Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Increased parathyroid hormone from diet. Low calcium and high phosphorus. Horses.

Osteomyelitis

bone inflammation associated with bacterial or fungal infection.

Direct entry

trama to bone introduces microbes

Hematogenous entry

blood borne spead of microbes. Antigen trapped in metaphysis.

Embolism

blockage/obstruction in blood vessel

Hyperostotic diseases

non-neoplastic bone proliferation

Neoplastic diseases of Skelet. affect

bone and cartilage.

Osteosarcoma

uncontrolled osteoblasts. Osteoid lakes.

Chondrosarcoma

usually affects flat bones. Ribs, nasal turbinates, scapula, pelvis.

Synovial joints

two bones ends covered in “articular cartilage”.

Most important diseases in domestic animals affect these joints.

Infectious Arthrits and Synovitis

If hematogenous, will affect multiple joints (polyarthritis).

Degenerative Joint Disease

gradual destruction of articular cartilage

Eburnation

subchondral bones is exposed and becomes polished/smooth

Osteophytes

multiple irregular bony or cartilaginous nodules on edges of bone. Aka bone spurs

Muscle Atrophy

decrease in myofiber “diameter”. Asymetrical. No fibers lost.

Muscle Hypertrophy

Increased myofiber diameter = more myofilaments. Normal process of building muscle with exersie

Muscle Hyperplasia

Increase number of myofibers.

Double Muscling

congenital muscle hyperplasia found in Belgian White, Charolais, Whippets dogs

Monophasic Injury

same duration, exp → infection

Polyphasic Injury

repeated/ongoing. Exam→ nutritional issue

Infectious Myositis

Causative bacteria found in feces of healthy animals. Blunt trauma create local hypoxia allowing bacta to grow and produce toxins.

Causes Acute Necrohemmorrhagic and emphysematous myostis.

Clostridium chauvoei

causes black leg / infectious myositis.

“Derma”

relating to skin

Dermatitis

inflammation of skin

Dermatology

diagnosis and treatment of skin dis.

dermatopathology

pathology of skin

Integument

largest organ of body. Skin

Epidermis

Outer epithelial cell layer of skin. Cells produce keratin

Dermis

Middle layer of skin. Made of collagen matrix. Strucure/vasculature.

Subcutis

deepest layer of skin. Composed of adipose tissue.

Adnexa

secondary structures of skin. Hair follicules. Sweat glands.

Epidermis Thickening

Increased number of epithelial cells as response to injury.

Dermis Thickening

Increased fibrous tissue (collagen) due to injury

Hyperpigmentation

increase in melanin pigment. Chronic change.

Depigmentation

Decrease in melanin pigments due to melanocyte injury

Necrosis

cell death