Endocrine

What is the target HbA1c for glycaemic control in therapy?

The target HbA1c is ≤ 7%.

What are the primary goals of therapy for diabetes management?

To achieve glycaemic control and prevent micro/macrovascular complications through a combination of lifestyle and pharmacological therapy.

What class of drug is Metformin?

Biguanides.

What is the mechanism of action of Metformin?

It decreases hepatic glucose production and increases insulin sensitivity.

What do Sulfonylureas do?

They stimulate pancreatic insulin release.

What are the common side effects of Metformin?

GI upset, especially if taken without food.

Which drug class includes DPP-4 inhibitors?

These drugs typically have a suffix of -gliptin.

What is a major caution for the use of Sulfonylureas?

There is a risk of hypoglycaemia and weight gain.

What effect do SGLT2 inhibitors have on glucose levels?

They block glucose reabsorption in the kidneys, increasing urinary glucose excretion.

Name a common adverse reaction of GLP-1 analogues.

Nausea and vomiting.

What is a key counseling point for patients taking SGLT2 inhibitors?

Patients should stay hydrated to minimize the risk of dehydration.

What does the suffix -ide indicate in drug nomenclature?

It indicates a Sulfonylurea.

Why is Pioglitazone used in diabetes management?

It improves insulin sensitivity and is a PPAR-γ agonist.

What are the adherence issues associated with diabetes medications?

Fear of injections, weight gain, hypoglycaemia, complex regimens, and GI side effects.

What should patients recognize to prevent hypoglycaemia?

Signs such as shakiness, sweating, and dizziness.

What does the GLP-1 analogue class do?

It mimics incretin, increasing insulin, decreasing appetite, and slowing gastric emptying.

What is a common side effect of Pioglitazone?

Oedema and weight gain.

What is the last line of treatment for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

Insulin therapy.