art app exam 2

study guide

vertical placement

we perceive objects that are placed lower in the image as closer to us, and objects that are placed higher as being further away

overlap

when objects partially overlap other objects, we perceive them as closer than the covered objects

diminishing size

the larger objects appear closer than the smaller objects

diminishing detail

as objects recede, detail disappears

linear perspective

a calculated system of lines and diagonals that go to vanishing points

chiaroscuro

the strong use of contrast between dark and light in a painting to make the subject look more dimensional

atmospheric perspective

close objects have greater intensity of color, detail, and value contrast; distant objects become lighter in value and/or more blue in color

tint

mixing white with color

analogous colors

colors close to each other on color wheel

tone

not bright

shade

mixing black with color

neutral

mixing all colors together

complementary colors

colors opposite of each other on color wheel

monochromatic

different tints and shades of the same color

calligraphic line

lines that change sizes and flow like handwriting; each one is different

contour line

outline the edges of an object, emphasizing the shape’s boundaries and significant internal lines

hatching

shading created by lines that only go in one direction. Different values created by density or size of marks

cross hatching

shading created by lines that overlap or cross; different values created by density or size of marks

what are the three purposes of drawing?

as a sketch or record

as studies for other works

as final works

pencil

thin stick of graphite enclosed in a case

charcoal

a dry drawing medium made from charred twigs, usually vine or willow

chalk

soft white limestone

crayon

a drawing medium developed in the late eighteenth century; similar to pencil in its graphic content, includes clay and small amounts of wax

pastels

sticks of powdered pigment held together with a gum binding agent

brush and ink

use of a brush and ink for writing, sketching, calligraphy, and painting

pen and ink

pen used to write

encaustic

painting medium that uses wax mixed with pigment; must be applied to before the wax cools down

fresco

pigments suspended in water are applied to a damp lime-plaster surface; must be painted while the plaster is wet, once dried it is permeant

egg tempera

permanent, fast-drying painting medium made by mixing colored pigment powders with a water-soluble binder, specifically egg yolk

oil paint

painting medium that dries the slowest and can crack or yellow

acrylic

painting medium that combines pigment and plastic; dries quickly and dries flat unless thickening agent is added; water-soluble

watercolor

pigments bound together with water soluable gum and water in the vehicle; characterized by transparent colors

gouache

opaque watercolor created by adding white chalk powder to watercolor paint

collage

sticking different materials together onto a flat surface

mixed media

combines two or more different materials, medium, or techniques into a single, unified artwork

pigment

dry powdery substances that produce different colors in paintings; made from natural or synthetic materials

vehicle

liquid emulsifier used as a spreading or carrier agent in paints

binder

material used in paint that causes the pigment particles to adhere to one another

support

the surface such as canvas or wood on which an artist paints

impasto

thick paint applied to a surface so that the brush strokes are visible

medium

physical or digital materials

media

plural for medium

mural

large scale art on wall, ceiling

impression

each individual print made from a block

edition

total number of impressions from a block

relief (woodcut, linocut)

printmaking process in which the design to be printed is carved out or cut below the surface of the metal plate

intaglio (dry point, etching, engraving)

printmaking process in which the design lines that are incised into the plate hold ink

lithography

a planographic printmaking process in which a design is drawn onto a flat stone and affixed by means of a chemical reaction

screen printing or silk screen or serigraph

ink forced through a fine mesh screen onto paper

monotype or monoprint

ink applied to non-absorbent surface transferred once to paper

collagraph

textured materials glued onto paper and then printed

andy warhol

pop art; famous for bright, colorful prints and paintings of celebrities and everyday objects

albrecht durer

northern renaissance; known for his extremely detailed religious engravings and woodcuts

kathe kollwitz

famous for her black and white drawings and prints about social issues

michelangelo

renaissance artist; famous for his paintings, drawings, sculptures, and architecture

josef albers

experiments on how many colors interact and influence each other

winslow homer

began as an oil painter but found his true love in watercolor painting

Christo

utilized color to make his work stand out from its surroundings