Body wall and peritoneum SDL + practical notes

Define laparotomy

• asurgical incision into abdominal cavity, performed to examine abdomiinal organs

define laparoscopy

• surgical procedure used to examine organs in the abdomen, uses a thin lighted tube that has video camera.

what is a coeliotomy?

• incision made through abdominal wall, through midline, into an anial with a coelomic cavity

what is the paralumbar fossa

• area marked as: caudal to last rib, ventral to transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae and cranial to tuber coxae

what is an aponeurosis?

• sheath of connective tisfsue that helps mucles connect to bone

what is the linea alba

• dense collangenous band found on the ventral midline of abdominal wall: xiphoid process → prepubic tendon. The aponeurotic joining of the L and R abdominal oblique+ transverse muscles

along what structure do we make our incision for abdominal exploration?

• linea alba

what is the pre-pubic tendon?

• band of tendinous tissue that runs from pubic bone → abdominal wall

what is the parietal peritoneum

• outer protective layer and support of abdomen + organs

  • mesenteries come off it

what are mesenteries continuations of?

• visceral and parietal peritoneum

Diaphragm:

1. where do the crura arise from?

2. what are the costal and sternal attachments

3. what are the 3 openings

   1. what is its innervation

1. inner aspect of ribs and sternum via 2 crura to lumbar vertebrae

2. tendinous structures that extend below the diaphragm to vertebral column

3. oesophageal hiatus, vena cava and aortic hiatuses

4. phrenic nerve

what is the muscular boundary of the abdominal cavity:

1. cranially

2. laterally

3. ventrally

4. caudally

1. diaphragm

2. external and internal abdominal oblique + transversus abdominis

3. rectus sheath, rectus abdominis and linea alba

4. pelvis, perineal muscles and hindlimbs

Label the anatomy

1. external abdominal oblique

2. internal abdominal oblique

3. rectus abdominis

4. transversus dominis

in which direction do the fibres of xyz run?:

1. external abdominal oblique

2. internal abdominal oblique

3. rectus abdominis

4. transversus dominis

1. ventrocaudally

2. ventrocranially

3. craniocaudally

4. dorsoventrally

Why are the fibres of the muscles of the abdominal wall cross patterned?

• enables trunk rotation and core stabilisation

what are 2 functions of all muscles of the abdominal wall?

• abdominal press and expiration

• compression of abdominal viscera

the external, internal oblique and transverse all…?(“)

1. have extensive aponeuroses

   1. insert onto the linea alba

outline the location of the paralumbar fossa

1. caudal to last rib

2. ventral to transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae

3. cranial to tuber coxae

4. dorsal to muscular part of transversus abdominis

Peritoneum:

1. structure

2. 3 sections

3. what is the peritoneal cavity

4. what can it excrete and resorb?

5. 3 example diseases

1. serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

2. perietal, visceral and connective

3. sac b/w different sections

4. fluid and resorb gas

5. peritonitis, neoplasia, haemorrhage

Label this image

1. skin, epidermis, dermis + subcutis

2. external fascia

3. deep sheet of external fascia

4. ext.abd oblique

5. int.abd. oblique

6. transversus abdominis

7. int. fascia of trunk + peritoneum

what is the rectus sheath

• tendinous sheath that encloses rectus abdominis muscle

what is the additional ligament the horses have in their hips?

• the teres ligament

where does the teres ligament run?

• from pelvis through prepubic notch and inserts on humeral head

function of the teres ligament?

• secures femoral heads in place and explains restrictions on movements permitted at equine hips.

• tensed by weight of abdominal contents

why do we make our incision along the linea alba?

• avoids vasculature and nerves

• strongest point for reclosure

what is the cosmetic problem of flank spays on siamiese/burmese/ragdoll cats?

• hair will grow back a darker colour

what special risks are present with abdominal surgery in horses?

• post operative colic

• ileus

• hernia

• reflux

• circulatory shock from dorsal recumbency

• laminitis

what does the spermatic canal contain in males?

• spermatic cord

• external pudenal artery and vein, genitofermoal nerve and lymphatics

what are the 2 regions of the inguinal canal?

• superficial inguinal ring and deep inguinal ring

where is the superficial inguinal ring?

• b/w two tendons of external abdominal oblique

where is the deep inguinal ring

• on caudal border of internal abdominal oblique

do females have inguinal canals?

• yes, spermatic cords are absent

  • contains external pudenal artery and vein, genitofermoal nerve and lymphatics

what condition is the inguinal canal the site of

• inguinal hernias

what is the scrotal sac continuous with?

• the peritonal cavity as it lined by peritoneum

what are potential complications post castration if done open and not sealed properly?

• infection

• haemorrhage

• eventration of abdominal contents

what is the innervation of the abdominal wall from?

• ventral branches of thoracic and lumber nerves - T13-L1+2

what do dorsal branches supply?

• dorsal trunk

what feeds the ventral trunk (nervous)/

• ventral ramus

what are the muscles and deep structures supplied by?

• ventral rami

in what direction do nerves move?

• obliquely in a caudal direction

how do we do paravertebral nerve block?

• insert b/w transverse processes to block the nerve.

what supplies the cranial abdominal wall vascularly?

• internal thoracic artery + cr. epigastric artery

what supplies the diaphragm vascularly?

• phrenicoabdominal artery

what supplies the caudal region of the abdominal wall vascularly

• caudal epigastric artery and external pudenal artery

Calf was born with soft fluctuant swelling at umbilicus:

1. what is this abnormality called

2. differential diagnoses

3. needs treatment?

1. umbilical hernia

2. umbilical abscess or patent urachus

3. no unless gut contents become entrapped

Mare developed amrked swelling on her abdomen localised along ventral abdomen during last trimester of pregnancy

1. what tendon has ruptured

2. what structures attach to this tendon

3. how will it affect parturition

4. treatment?

1. prepubic tendon

2. rectus abdominis muscle

3. reduce abdominal compression, therefore muscle function

4. box rest and abdominal bandage

This horse fell off a horsebox during loading and developed swelling of his left lateral wall, turned out into a field and developed severe colic due to strangulated intestine entrapped b/w body wall + skin

• what layers of the body wall are in this region?

1. skin

2. external fascia and cut. trunk muscle

3. ext. abd. oblique + internal

4. transversus abdominis

5. internal fascia of trunk and peritoneum