Infancy Dev Exam 2

What does the High-Amplitude Sucking (HAS) paradigm primarily allow researchers to assess in infants?

Measures discrimination between speech sounds and newborns distinguish phonemes across languages

Compared with adult-directed speech (ADS), which of the following is characteristic of infant-directed speech (IDS)?

Slower rate, Extended frequency range; higher overall frequency, Lengthening of vowels and pauses, Repeated pitch contour, and Simplified vocabulary

Words such as “doggie” and “blankie” are examples of diminutives. Which statement about children’s exposure to diminutives is correct?

Girls hear twice as many diminutives.

At approximately what age do children begin to assume that a new word refers to the object the speaker is looking at?

18 months

In the Intermodal Preferential Looking Paradigm (IPLP), infants see two visual scenes side by side while hearing a word or sentence. What do researchers measure to assess infants’ language comprehension?

Researchers measure which image the infant looks at longer, and Tests infants’ comprehension of words and sentences

According to Fenson et al. (1994) and Bornstein et al. (2004), children’s early vocabularies tend to be biased toward which type of words?

Children’s vocabularies are biased towards nouns because they have more difficulty learning verbs than nouns

At approximately what age do infants begin cooing, producing vowel-like sounds such as “ooooo” and “ahhhh”?

2 months

Which of the following best describes a simultaneous bilingual?

Regular exposure to two languages from birth or within the first 3 years

What does research suggest about the “one parent–one language” approach to raising bilingual children?

Evidence does NOT require strict speaker-language separation because Children themselves can learn to differentiate their languages

What does research on children of deaf parents who acquire spoken and sign language simultaneously suggest about their language development?

children may simultaneously speak and sign the same word

In Bosch and Sebastián-Gallés (2001), 4-month-old bilingual infants exposed to Spanish and Catalan were familiarized with one language and then tested with both languages. What was the main finding?

Bilingual infants discriminated Spanish from Catalan.

According to Weikum et al. (2007), what did infants demonstrate
when they watched silent videos of bilingual speakers producing sentences?

Experience with multiple languages may maintain attention to cues useful for distinguishing linguistic systems

According to Byers-Heinlein and Werker (2009), how does exposure to multiple languages influence infants’ word-learning strategies?

Language-learning strategies themselves are shaped by linguistic experience

How does the timing of major language-development milestones in simultaneous bilingual children compare with that of monolingual children?

they reach same milestones at around the same ages

First words: around 12 months, Two-word stage: around 18 months

A bilingual child knows both “dog” in English and “perro” in Spanish. How would these words be counted in total vocabulary versus total conceptual vocabulary?

Total vocabulary: All word forms across both languages
Total conceptual vocabulary: Concepts counted once even when the child knows translation equivalents.

According to Barac et al. (2014), bilingual infants may show advanced non-verbal executive control skills as early as 7 months. Which of the following is NOT one of the executive control skills discussed?

cognitive flexibility ability to adjust to changes in demands or priorities and switch between goals

According to Winkler et al. (2009), at approximately what age do infants begin to detect a beat in music?

newborns

According to Phillips-Silver and Trainor (2005), what did 7-month-old infants prefer after being bounced to an ambiguous rhythm?

Infants' perception of auditory rhythm can be shaped by vestibular/body movement

According to Hannon and Trehub (2005), what was the main finding about infants’ and adults’ sensitivity to musical rhythms?

Young infants showed broader rhythmic sensitivity than adults.

According to Papadimitriou et al. (2021), what was found about the relationship between the home musical environment and infants’ language development?

For infants under 12 months: Parental singing was strongly linked to better word comprehension

According to Franco et al. (2022), what type of music did 6-month-old infants prefer?

Infants prefer sung melodies over instrumental ones

According to Gerry, Unrau, and Trainor (2012), what was the main finding about active musical experience in infancy?

How infants engage with music may matter as much as how much music they hear, they showed stronger development in: Prelinguistic communicative gestures, Social behavior, Musical responses

What is a major limitation of Gardiner et al. (1996) for concluding that music learning improves math performance?

this study did not disentangle music and visual arts training

According to Hannon and Johnson (2005), Infants Use Meter to Categorize Rhythms and Melodies: Implications for Musical Structure Learning, at what age do infants begin to show sensitivity to the organization of sounds over time?

By 7 months

What is subitizing?

the ability to 'see' a small amount of objects and know how many there are without counting.

According to Starkey and Cooper (1980), Perception of Numbers by Human Infants, which numerical distinction could infants make?

Infants discriminated 2 from 3

According to Feigenson, Carey, and Spelke (2002), what may explain some early findings interpreted as evidence of infants’ numerical abilities?

Some early “numerical” findings may instead reflect: sensitivity to how much stuff is present

Why might infants discriminate 4 vs. 8 but fail to discriminate 2 vs. 4, even though both comparisons have the same 1:2 ratio?

Numerical difficulty is determined by the representational system, not simply by absolute number

According to Izard et al. (2009), what finding provides evidence that
newborns can represent number across sensory modalities?

Newborns looked longer at the numerically matching visual array, their common property is quantity

What is a major critique of interpreting Wynn’s findings as evidence that infants understand addition and subtraction?

Infants' longer looking times could be due to other factors, such as a preference for the initial number of objects or the ability to track individual objects through occlusion

What does the cardinality principle state?

The last number name used gives the number of objects. The cardinality rule connects counting with how many

At approximately what age do children acquire the cardinality principle?

3.5 years of age

According to Sarnecka et al. (2007), which children took longer to understand the cardinality of “one”?

Japanese-speaking children take longer to understand the cardinality of one than English- or Russian-speaking children

How did the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) change its approach to screen media recommendations in 2016?

They considered age, content, co-viewing, family context, and interactive media

What is the “video deficit effect”?

By 12 months, imitation from video becomes harder: Requires twice as many demonstrations, Needs longer exposure time, and Suggests infants don’t yet view video as equivalent to real life

According to Kuhl, Tsao, and Liu (2003), how did 9-month-old infants’ Mandarin phonetic discrimination differ across exposure conditions?

Infants who interacted with Mandarin speakers improved their Mandarin phonetic discrimination and Infants exposed to Mandarin through TV did not
show equivalent phonetic learning

According to Schmidt et al. (2009), what was the relationship between television viewing in infancy and language development at age 3 after controlling for relevant family and child characteristics?

Television viewing in infancy was not associated with language or visual motor skills

What was a major critique raised by Ferguson and Donnellan (2014) about Zimmerman et al.’s (2007) conclusion that baby-video viewing was associated with poorer language development?

Potential for false positives in psychological studies and Publication bias may hide studies with non-significant results supporting similar findings

According to Jing et al.’s (2023) meta-analysis of experimental studies, what was the overall effect of screen media on young children’s vocabulary learning?

Children clearly can learn from screens

What was the major critique raised by McBee et al. (2021) of previous findings linking early television exposure to later attention problems?

The authors further reported that many of those significant models depended on questionable analytic choices.

Based on the overall evidence, what can currently be concluded about screen time and executive-function (EF) development in children under age 6?

There is currently no strong evidence for a simple general rule that more screen time causes poorer executive-function development

Based on current evidence, what can we conclude about the claim that
screen time delays infants’ motor development?

NOT STRONG ENOUGH for that general causal conclusion

According to Zhang et al. (2022), what happened when randomized interventions successfully reduced children’s screen time?

There was no evidence that screen-time interventions alone decreased obesity risk

According to Freud, how did the arrival of a new sibling affect the firstborn child?

The stressful nature of this transition

According to Volling (2012), what is the best conclusion about firstborn
children’s adjustment to the birth of a sibling?

children show substantial individual differences in adjustment

Normative transition ≠ universal trauma

According to Marphatia et al. (2022), what can be concluded about birth spacing and early childhood development?

Outcomes included cognition, language, social competence, emotional health, and physical/motor development

Why should researchers avoid deterministic claims about sibling sex composition and child development?

it improves motor development

What does the resource dilution explanation propose about having additional children in a family?

The SAME sibling can provide more learning opportunities AND less parental attention

According to Oshima-Takane, Goodz, and Derevensky (1996), what advantage did secondborn children show compared with firstborn children?

secondborns may learn from conversations between caregivers and older siblings, not only speech directed to themselves

Why can studies of birth order and language development appear to produce contradictory findings?

Measurement matters: parent report, spontaneous speech, and standardized tests need not agree, therefore, expect domain-specific rather than global language effects

According to Dunn and Munn (1986), why should sibling relationships be viewed as dynamic rather than as one-way influences?

Cooperation, conflict, imitation, caregiving, and emotional responses become mutually organized over repeated interaction

According to McAlister and Peterson (2007), how was having child-aged siblings related to children’s theory-of-mind development?

frequent conversation, disagreement, pretend play, and perspective negotiation

According to Rohrer, Egloff, and Schmukle (2015), what did large datasets from the United States, Great Britain, and Germany show about birth order and personality?

Birth-order personality stereotypes did not survive a strong test

What does “theory of mind” refer to?

it refers to the individual theories we have about what is happening in the minds of others, including, the ability to understand that other people have beliefs, desires and intentions that are different from one's own

According to Wellman and Liu (2004), which ability develops latest in the sequence of children’s mental-state understanding?

A person can hold a belief that is different from reality (false belief)

According to Darwin’s (1877) observations, at approximately what age can children begin to attempt to lie?

children as young as 30 months

According to Gordon, Lyon, and Lee (2014), what factors were associated with children’s ability to keep a parent’s secret during direct questioning?

interpersonal trust and better parent-rated executive function (relationships, obligations, and trust)

According to Evans and Lee (2013), what developmental pattern was found in 2- to 3-year-old children’s lying behavior?

When asked whether they had peeked at the toy, most 2- year-old peekers were honest and confessed to their peeking

With increased age, more peekers denied peeking and thus lied.

According to Talwar and Lee (2008), what characterizes “primary lies” in children?

Children begin to be able to deliberately make factually untrue statements, They do not take into consideration the mental states of the listener.

According to Lee and Imuta’s (2021) meta-analysis of 81 studies involving 7,826 children, what was the relationship between lying and theory of mind (ToM)?

ToM provides a stronger synthesis than relying on a single temptation-resistance study but it does not explain most individual differences in lying