Crime class reading quizzes

1-6

What does UCR stand for? 

 

Uniform Crime Report

Which of these issues refers to the limitation of the dark figure of crime?

 

Not all crimes are reported to the police

Which of the following datasets was amended based on the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994? 

 

The Hate Crime Statistics dataset

Which dataset surveys households rather than individuals?

 

National Crime Victimization Survey

________________ focuses on crime among places. 

 

Spatial analysis

In 1926, Congress mandated that information should be gathered on state and federal _________________.

prisons

The Monitoring the Future Program was meant to collect data on ________________ by juveniles. 

 

substance abuse

Which of the following is considered a self-report survey? 

 

National Survey on Drug Use and Health

Which of these datasets was meant to replace the summary reporting system of the UCR?

 

National Incident-Based Reporting System

Which of the following is not considered an Index Crime? 

Fraud

According to Beccaria and other philosophers from the Age of Enlightenment, a society should strive to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people. What is this concept referred to as? 

Utilitarianism

The characteristic of punishment postulated by Beccaria that he believed to be the most important was ______.

Certainty

Which one of the following punishments is NOT an example of the deterrence framework?

 

Neighborhood Watch Programs

The deterrence model assumes that individuals ______.

 

are rational and think carefully before committing crimes

Which type of deterrence focuses on preventing individuals from reoffending? 

 

Specific

______ is used as the basis for U.S. policies on punishment for criminal activity because it focuses on individual responsibility.

 

The Classical School

According to Beccaria, perfecting ______ is the “surest but most difficult way to prevent crimes.”

 

education

Which of the elements of deterrence is focused on ensuring that a person is punished as closely to the commission of the crime as possible? 

 

Swiftness

In many pre-classical societies, what was the common response if an individual committed a criminal act?

Exorcism

According to Hobbes, ______ motivates individuals to cooperate in the formation of government and inspires them to obey the laws the government creates.

Fear

All of the following are considered formal controls or sanctions EXCEPT: 

 

community acceptance

Aggregate studies have shown that an increased certainty of punishment was associated with __________ crime for most serious offenses. 

less

Which theory matches the statement "Eliminating visible signs of crime helps reduce crime?"

 

broken windows theory

Longitudinal research done in the 1980s and 1990s indicated that behavior was influencing perceptions of the risk and severity of punishment more than perceptions were influencing behavior. This was due to the ______.

 

experiental effect

Which group is most likely to avoid crime due to informal deterrence?

Women

What is a “motivated offender”, according to the routine activities theory?

 

Someone who is likely to commit a crime

Three-strikes policies are severe, but they ______.

 

are not always swift or certain

Although the Classical/Neoclassical model fell out of favor in terms of criminological theorizing for about 100 years, it experienced a rebirth in ______.

 

1960s and 1970s

The three elements of routine activities theory are ______.

 

attractive targets, absence of a guardian, and motivated offender

Peers have a profound impact on individual perceptions of the pros and cons of offending. When one sees one’s friends getting away with crimes, the perceived risk of punishment ______.

 

is decreased

______ is the perspective that assumes individuals have no free will to control their behavior

 

Positivist School

______ is the science of determining human disposition based on distinctions (bumps) in the skull

Phrenology

Stigmata not only consisted of deviant facial and bodily features that a person could be born with but also some extra physiological features that were not congenital, such as ______.

tattoos

Lombroso’s model of stigmata as predictors of antisocial problems is more accepted by ______ than they are by ______.

 

medical science; criminologists

Which individual is known for saying people were born criminal

Lombroso

All of the following are policy implications derived from the theories and findings discussed in Chapter 5 EXCEPT ______.

 

mandatory co-ed classes at all grade levels

According to Lombroso, what is the best way for societies to prevent crime?

 

by identifying born criminals through stigmata

The manifestation of more than ______ stigmata indicates that an individual is atavistic and thus a born criminal.

5

Which tenet of phrenology turned out to be correct?

 

Certain parts of the brain are responsible for specific tasks.

Sheldon’s theoretical approach, which was based on body typing, was largely known as ______.

somatotyping

The findings of “twins separated at birth” studies have shown that ______ have/has a significant impact on human behavior, especially regarding criminal behavior.

genetics

In one study, the more the chromosomal mutation produced ______ hormones, the less likely individuals were to commit criminal acts.

 

feminine

______ studies of crime focus on the genetic makeup of individuals, with a specific focus on abnormalities in their chromosomal makeup.

cytogenic

______ twins are also called fraternal twins; they share the same amount of DNA as any other type of siblings.

dizygotic

Nervous system chemicals in the brain and body that help transmit electric signals from one neuron to another are called ______.

neurotransmitters

The interaction of maternal ______ and a father’s absence in the household, especially early in life, is associated with criminal behavior.

 

cigarette smoking

High levels of ______ and other androgens tend to “masculinize” the brain toward risk-taking behavior.

 

testosterone

Damage to the frontal lobe or the ______ has the highest correlation with future criminal activity.

 

temporal lobe

One cytogenetic study examined the relative criminality and deviance of a group of individuals in each category of chromosomal mutations and discovered that ______.

 

the more the chromosomal mutation produced male hormones, the more likely the individuals were to commit crimes

All of the following are possible consequences of high levels of testosterone EXCEPT ______.

 

increased sensitivity to pain