Anthropological Foundations of Culture

Fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering typologies, units, and core attributes of culture based on lecture notes.

__________ culture consists of the totality of physical objects made by people for the satisfaction of their needs.

Material

Intellectual things, thoughts, or ideas that shape society, such as values, norms, and religion, constitute __________ culture.

Non-Material

The smallest, indivisible, and identifiable units of culture that allow one part of a culture to be transmitted to another are known as culture __________.

traits

__________ defines a culture trait as "the smallest unit in a given culture."

Herskovits

A cluster of multiple culture traits organized around a nuclear point of reference is called a culture __________.

complex

According to __________, culture complexes are defined as "nothing but larger clusters of traits organized about some nuclear point of reference."

Hoebel

A unique configuration formed when many traits and complexes become integrated into a functional, interrelated whole is a culture __________.

pattern

Cultural components that are easily detected or observed by an external observer, such as architecture or clothes, are called __________ components.

overt

Cultural components that cannot be easily detected and must be inferred from behavior, such as values and sentiments, are called __________ components.

covert

__________ components consist of modes of behavior that can be readily described by those who perform them.

Explicit

__________ components of culture are taken for granted and cannot be easily explained by the individuals performing them, such as speaking a native language fluently.

Implicit

__________ culture comprises the ways people believe they ought to behave, whereas real culture consists of actual, pragmatic behavior.

Ideal

__________ refers to the formal appearance and totality of items in a culture derived from its cognitive or intellectual character.

Eidos

__________ represents the affective and emotional quality of culture.

Ethos

An ethos described as calm, moderate, and well-balanced is termed __________ ethos.

Apollonian

An ethos described as violent, exuberant, aggressive, imbalanced, and savage is termed __________ ethos.

Dionysian

Culture is __________ because its content is a product of society rather than biology, outliving particular generations according to Kroeber.

superorganic

Patterns common to all human cultures to ensure basic biological and social needs are met are called cultural __________.

universals