History Final

Who are the main two sects of Islam

Sunni and Shi’ah

Five pillars of Islam

pray five times a day, pay 2-3% of wealth to poor, pilgramige to mecca, loyalty to Allah, fast during ramamadon

Genghis Khan

Unified the Monghols and created a massive empire

Magna Carta

Charter signed by king john in 1215 that stated the king must follow the law

Black Plague

Disease that spread by rats and fleas on trade ships and killed 1/3 of europes entire population

Gutenberg

created the printing press

Machiavelli

Wrote the prince and believed that you shouldnt worry about being loved, do what you need to do to stay in power and rule

Machiavellis two famous quotes

“better to be feared then loved” and “the end justifies the means”

More

Wrote utopia and believed everyone should be equal and punishments should be less cruel

Main utopia ideas

no private property, women should work too because it would make work days half as long, freedom of religion, but you cant be atheist

Michelangelo, Raphael, Leonardo( not confident with answer)

Famous Reinesance artists

Bosch

Artist who painted the garden of earthly delights and painted lots of symbolism

Martin Luther

Credited with starting protestant revolution and wrote 95 theses

Main ideas of 95 thesies

Salvation by faith alone, bible as the ultimate authority, and sale of indulgences should be banned

John Calvin

Protestant leader who created Calvinism

Predestination

Main belief of Calvinsim and was the idea that god had predetermined who would go to heaven or hell

Henry VIII

King who divorced, broke with rome, and created & headed the national church in England

Counter Reformation

Changes made by the catholic church to keep people from turning to protestantism

Ignatius Loyola

Founded Jesuits to spread the Catholic Doctrine

Middle Passage

Forced journey of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic

Heliocentric theory

Idea that sun is center of universe and everything revolves around it

Copernicous

developed the heliocentric theory

Galileo

used a telescope to support the Heliocentric theory

Newton

created laws of motion and universal gravitation

Columbus

Sailor of spain who played a key role in bringing Europe in contact with the Americas and commited atrocities to the natives

Columbian exchange

Exchange of goods, people, animals, and diseases between Europe and the Americas

Cortes

Conquestador who conquered the Aztec

Pizarro

conquestador who conquered the Inca

Magellan

An explorar whose expedition was the first to circumnavigate the globe

Adam Smith

Wrote Wealth of Nations, which laid foundation for capitalism, and he created Laissez-Faire

Laissez-Faire

Goverment should keep hands of economy because Invisible hand will regulate economy itself

Voltaire

philosopher that favored freedom of religion and freedom of speech and wrote Candide

Candide

Book by Voltaire that criticizes excessive optimism and says there is still hope for human nature through society and realism.

Communism

A system where the government owns businesses and resources, and wealth is shared so everyone is supposed to be equal.

Marx/Engels

wrote the communist manifesto

Bourgeoisie

Factory/ buisness owners

proletariat

Factory workers

Unification of Germany

Joining of german states into one nation in 1871

Bismarck

person credited for unification of Germany

Wars with Austria and France

wars started to unify germany by giving people a common enemy

Garibaldi

Military leader who helped unify Italy

Industrial revolution

Shift from hand production to machine manufacturing, leading to factories, urbanization, and mass production

Napoleon

Leader of France who took over alot of land, but is most proud of the Napoleonic code

Invasion of Russia

Failed invasion led by Napoleon

reasons for napoleons loss in Russia

Scorched earth, disease, cut off supply lines, and cold weather

Waterloo

Battle in 1815 where Napoleon was defeated once and for al;

Social Darwisim

Idea of “survival of the fittest” and is focused on idea that helping weak is bad, and that strong should conquer the weak

Opium War

War between Britian and China over trade and Opium

Scramble for Africa

Competition between Europian countries to colonize Africa

White Man’s Burden

Belief that Europeans had a duty to “civilize” others

Schlieffen Plan

German battle plan which was to put all troops in west and quickly defeat France, then move all remaining troops to east to fight Russia(dont split up troops)

Causes of war

Militarism, alliances, nationalism, independence movements, arms race, colonies

League of Nations

International organization created to maintain peace after WWI

Causes of US entry

Germany sunk U.S passenger ships and continued too after saying they wouldn’t, and germans sent zimmerman note to mexico asking them to attack U.S

Russian Revolution

Overthow of the Russian Governemnt during WWI led by Lenin, and causes Russia to leave the war

Lenin

Leader of the blosheviks and first leader of soviet union after revolution

Bolsheviks

Communist revolutionary party in Russia led by Lenin

Great Depression

Worldwide economic crisis which begun in 1929

Causes of Great Depression

Margin, U.S giving out foreign loans, inequality of wealth, corporate scandals

Stalin

Soviet dictator who ruled USSR after lenin

Collectivization

Policy by Stalin where peasants were forced to give up their private land and work on state owned farms controlled by the government

Great Purge/ Terror Famine

Period where Stalin eliminated all potential opponents in the communist party and red army by having them killed

Hitler

Nazi dictator of Germany

Hitlers rise to power

Used reichstag fire to blame communists, ban them, and take control as dictator

Holocaust

Mass murder of jews and other “undesirables” to create a pure aryan race

Appeasement

Policy used by britian and france during 1930’s where they tried to avoid another war by giving Hitler some of what he wanted, hoping it would bring peace.

Operation Barbarossa

Hitlers invasion of the USSR

Churchill

Britian prime minister who led britian during WWII

Pearl Harbor

Japanese attack on the U.S in 1941 that brought U.S into war

D-Day

Allied invasion of Nazi occupied Normandy, France led by Dwight D. Eisenhower

Cold War

Competition between capitalist nations led by U.S, and communist nations led by USSR without any direct battles

Containment

Plan to stop communism where its at and prevent it from spreading

M.A.D.

Idea that if either U.S or USSR attack eachother with nuclear weapons, then the other would destroy them back resulting in both their destructions

Reasons for fall of USSR

Gorbachev granted nations their independence when the asked, war in Kazakstan weakened and made government unpopular, governent could not provide basic goods, pirated American T.V gave people a opinion that captalism was better

Fall of USSR

Seperation of nations in USSR in 1991, ending cold war

Pol Pot/Khmer Rouge

Communist regime in Cambodia that commited mass genocide on their population

Theroies of Decolonization

Domestic: Colonies werent worth it to colonizers because they were to expensive and not extracting enough wealth. International: U.S, USSR, and UN pressured lesser countries into freeing their colonies. Nationalist: people in colonies wnated freedom and showed this through independence movements and protests

Biafra

Breakaway nation of Nigeria

Nigerian Civil War

War between Nigeria and Biafra for Biafras independence. Nigeria won and Biafra had to remerge with Nigeria

Rwandan Genocide

mass killing of tutsis by Hutu extremists(mainly Interhamwe) in 1994

What were the two main groups in RWandan genocide?

Hutu and Tutsi

Nehru

First prime minister of independent India

Jinnah

First leader of independent Pakistan

Creation of Bangledesh

East Pakistan didnt want to be part of the rest of the country becasue they were to different, so through a civil war helped by India, they became independent Bangledesh

Chiang Kai-shek

Nationalist leader of China

Mao Zedong

Communist leader of China

Great Leap Forward

Plan by Mao Zedong to modernize china by making up for lack of machinery with human will power. Resulted in a deadly famine

Cultural Revolution

Movement by Mao Zedong to bring communist ideals back to China by enforcing everyone to follow his ideals and target those who oppose

Deng Xiaoping

Replacement of Mao Zedong who came up with the succesful idea of keeping the communist dictatorship in charge, while running a capitalist government

Abstract Art

artwork that uses shapes, colors, and lines instead of realistic images and has no real topic.

Cynicism

Philosophy famously practiced by DIogenes that taught that people should live according to natural/animal needs. Therefore things like cannibalism, incest, and public urination were okay because they fulfilled basic needs.

Dada

an art movement created to be pointless to show how society itself is pointless. 

Existentialism

idea that there is no set meaning or purpose to the universe and everything exist randomly with no guiding force

Fruedian Psychology

theory developed by Sigmund Freud that human behavior is strongly influenced by unconscious thoughts, feeling and childhood experiences. Some specific theories including psycho analysis, the unconscious mind, id/ego/superego, and classical conditioning

Liberalism

Belief that people have the right to life, liberty, and property and a government that is limited by laws and consent of the governed.

Malthusian Demographics

idea that population grows faster than food production, which can lead to famine, disease and poverty if population is not controlled.

Pop art

Art that takes unknown or unrespected art and puts it on a museum and all the sudden makes it respected and high art.

realism

Art that portrayed realistic, boring events, to bring attention to problems in society

Renaissance art

Art from the renaissance period that focused on realism and humanism, but mainly perspective. The art also takes place before or after the main action.

Romanticism

type of art that focused on extraordinary events and evoking emotion from the viewer