eccb 203 exam 2

northeastern region

location: new england states and NY. dominated by northern hardwoods and conifers. forests cover 70-75% of land after farms have been abandoned

environment: 0-6000 ft, upland plateaus. warm moist summers, cold snowy winters

cover type

dominant tree species in a stand

Pinaceae family

most commercially important conifers, 234 species, monoecious, male cones small

genus Pinus

pines, important conifers, northern hemisphere, 37 native species in US

white pines

soft wood, 5 needles, elongated cones

yellow pines

hard wood, 2-3 needles

eastern white pine

largest and most important of NE conifers, very valuable

blister rust and weevil are two major pests

red/Norway pine

red tint after rain, extensively planted large tree,

ornamental, shade, pulpwood, construction, windbreaks and erosion, provides cover for animals

genus Larix

larches, leaves are deciduous, solitary, grow on spurs

eastern larch

deciduous, shade intolerant, cold tolerant. heavy and resinous, hard and durable, widest range.

sawfly pest

genus Picea

spruce, cool north temperate regions, needle leaves on peg stalks

red spruce

1 of the most important, hybrids with black spruce, best growth in appalachians high mortality

tone wood, good resonance

white spruce

most important in boreal, good pulpwood, very extensive range

genus Tsuga

hemlocks, slender and drooping leading shoots. confined to moist cool temperate regions, high rainfall cool summers thrives under little water stress

eastern hemlock

cool moist regions, flexible terminal, most shade tolerant. essential for deer cover and winter browse. hemlock wooly adelgid pest

genus Abies

firs. 9 species in US, common christmas tree, upright cones and scales fall off when mature

mill basalm fir

lower branches in soil propagate, christmas trees and wreaths, large ranges. spruce budworm big pest.

fir wave

older canopy trees die allowing sun and regen of bottom floor. never ending cycle

Cupressaceae

cypress family. cypress, junipers, and cedars. widely distributed, on all continents

variable cones - woody, leathery, or berry like

genus Thuja

thujas. 2 species native to NA

flat twigs with fanlike sprays, scale like leaves

northern white cedar

widely planted ornamentals, tree of life cured scurvy. decay resistant. 1 of the most cold tolerant trees. can be very old. oldest recorded 1,890 years old, super tiny

Salicaceae

willow family. 57 genera. 300-500 Salix, 22-35 Populus. mostly in north temperate and arctic regions. short lived and needs lots of moisture

genus Populus

poplars, cottonwood, and aspen.

rapidly growing, used for biofuels and biomass. white cottony fruits

trembling aspen

most widely distributed trees in NA. smooth bark, largest living organism

Betulaceae

birch family. 6 genera- alder, birches, hornbeams, hop hornbeams, and hazel. smooth bark economically important for their wood and nuts

genus Betula

birches, small samaras, peeling bark, fine grained pale wood for plywood, cabinets and paper

yellow birch

1 of the most valuable birches and hardwoods in NE NA. yellow bronze bark

paper birch

narrow open crown, used for birch bark canoes, valued ornamental, browse and cover for moose and deer

Fagaceae

beech family, chestnuts, chinkapins, oaks, and beeches 900 species worldwide

American beech

1 of the most common trees in NE US smooth gray blue bark, nuts important for wildlife, vulnerable to fire, surface roots

genus Quercus

most important and widespread hardwood trees in N temperate zone. provide more timber than any group of broadleaf trees. acorns are important for wildlife.

red/black oaks

apex and lobes bristle tipped, acorns mature 2nd year, porous heartwood with open vessels

white oaks

no bristles, acorns mature 1st year, vessels closed by tyloses great for barrels

section virentes of oaks

evergreen or brevi deciduous, acorns mature in a year

white oak

high grade wood used for all purposes, furnishes ¾ of timber harvested as white oak, makes tight barrels

northern red oak

ornamental for their fall colors, form, ease, and rapid growth. most important lumber of red oaks. oak wilt travels by root graft, vascular diseases caused by fungus.

Sapindaceae

soapberry family. maples, buckeye, soapberry, and golden raintree

genus Acer

maples. leaves are simple broad palmate. fruit are paired, flat, long winged 1 seeded samara

sugar maple

largest and most important hardwood in US, pretty in fall, maple syrup, quality lumber, hard maple

silver maple

deep palmate lobed leaves. grow along streams, soft maple, used as an ornamental, rapid growth but brittle. buds are important to squirrels

Oleaceae

olive and lilac family. widespread, 22 native trees to NA

genus Fraxinus

ash, leaves are opposite and compound, fruit is a 1 seeded samara

green ash

most widely distributed ash, mostly bottomland species, dioecious 1 wing samara. wood for tool handles, baseball bats. emerald ash borer serious problem

white ash

largest, most common, most useful ash. furniture, bats, hockey sticks. emerald ash borer

Appalachian region

location: mississippi to new york, transition between NE and central hardwood region, extends to coastal plains

physical environment: precipitation increases from N to S and with elevation. temperatures decrease with elevation and latitude. mountains up to 6600’, plateaus and valleys

appalachian mixed mesophytic region

diverse, little elevation, abundance of beech, maple, and buckeyes. lots of endemic species. very threatened

blue ridge forests

on the appalachian mountains, temperate moderate rainfall, diverse, oak-hickory to spruce-fir. 160 tree species. high fresh water diversity, vulnerable

pitch pine

used as naval stores, rigid cone scales and sharp needles, diverse form, fire is serious enemy, serotinous cones. pine barrens

virginia pine

small unkept, spread fast, can produce more pulpwood per acre than other pines, preferred S conifer, woodpecker nest

table mountain pine

only pine restricted to appalachians, serotinous spiny cones in clusters, important for watershed protection, seeds year round important food, squirrels prune limbs with cones

frasier fir

only native SE fir, small range, important watershed protection, valuable christmas tree. pest: balsam wooly adelgid

american chestnut

1 of the most important hardwoods, nuts were important cash crop and wildlife food, chestnut blight wiped out keystone species

chestnut oak

chestnut like foliage, important ridgetop species, preferred by gypsy moth

american sycamore

large hardwood, fast grower, mottled thin bark, 1 seeded narrow nutlets in a ball

Rosaceae

3100 species of trees, shrubs, and vines. very valuable agriculture, prized ornamentals, cherry wood important in forestry

black cherry

only timber cherry, high quality used for furniture, sap used for medicine, rum, and brandy

Fabaceae

more than 19,400 species, 6 naturalized trees in NA, pea like flowers, pod fruit

black locust

legume converts atmospheric nitrogen, hard dense wood, widely cultivated, most common non-native in Europe

Central region

location: wisconsin to arkansas, 15% of total land area is forested. hardwoods made up of 95% of stock.

physical environment: extremely varied, hills to mountains. variable soils

climate: continental, temp extremes -30 to 105. rainfall 25-60”. indiana is a critical boundary between N and S species. 20-30 species per acre

shortleaf pine

1 of the 4 most important commercial conifers in the SE. widest distribution of south pines. sprouts after fire.

Juniperus

oil from species used to make perfumes and medicines. gin derives its taste from berries. important food for wildlife.

eastern red cedar

not a true cedar. most important US juniper. important for wildlife. Rust: cedar apples

Salicaceae

350 species, dioecious, moist environments, prevent soil erosion

black willow

largest willow in NA, fast growing and short lived. large fibrous root system. lightest wood of all eastern US. sap used for aspirin.

eastern cottonwood

stream and bottomland tree. fast growth on good soils. energy biomass

Juglandaceae

walnut family. odd pinnately compound. valuable timber and nut trees. carya: hickories and pecans. juglans: butternut and walnuts

black walnut

scarce, highly valued. doesnt warp. nuts are food for wildlife. husks can be ground and used as an abrasive. allelopathic tree

shagbark hickory

shaggy bark, commercial nuts, eaten by wildlife. strong tool handles and ladder rungs

pecan

largest of native hickories, valuable cultivated plants. some use as furniture/veneer mostly for nuts. state tree of texas.

mockernut hickory

most abundant hickory, husk is thick, strongly 4 ribbed nut with sweet and edible meat. wood used for porducts where strength, hardness and flexibility needed. smoke meats

river birch

southern most birch. common along streams. ornamental seldom cut due to form

boxelder

most common and widespread maple. few forestry uses. drought and cold resistant

post oak

sensitive to disturbance. drought resistant. wood used for posts

blackjack oak

red/black oak but has tyloses like white oak

cross timbers

blackjack, post oaks, and red cedar forest border of small trees and transition zone to grasslands.

pin oak

short twigs/pin like spurs. stout limbs. pyramid shaped crown. ornamental for fall colors. acorns for animals. not much use for lumber.

bur oak

does well on alkaline soils, most drought resistant. sweet acorn, excellent ornamental

Ulmaceae

elm family, asymmetrical leaves

Ulmus

susceptible to dutch elm disease, slightly zigzag twigs, alternate and unequal base leaves, doubly serrated leaves

American elm

large tree with spreading habit, wood has interlocked grain difficult to split, used to be #1 street tree until dutch elm disease

slippery/red elm

same use as american elm but wood is inferior, inner bark has a slime used for medicine. more resistant to dutch elm disease

hackberry

wood is weak and rots easily. berries important for birds and wildlife

common persimmon

adapted to low water supply, known for its fruits. wood is heavy, hard, strong and very close grained

ohio buckeye

ornamental, palmate compound leaves, yellow flowers, stinky, limited commercial use, soft light wood, bark and seeds poisonous to livestock