Ecology Chapter 5

chapter 5

Ways to classify organisms

Physical features, DNA analysis, amino acid

Taxonomy

The science and skill of organizing life

Carolus Linnaeus

He took all organisms and put them into categories, created the binomial nomenclature

Morphological classification

Classification based on physical features

Naming rules

First name is always capitalized, second name is always in lowercase

Introgression

Hybrids form over generations with unequal DNA contributions from the parent species

Molecular systematics

Classification using differences in protein or DNA sequences

Phylogeny

The study of evolutionary relationships

Phylogenetic Tree

Compares different species and shows the evolutionary relationships between species and their common ancestor

Clade (Monophyletic group)

A clade is the most recent common ancestors including all its descendants when compared between 2 or more species

3 Domains of life

Archaea, Eubacteria, Eukarya

Archaea

Singled celled organisms that are extremophiles

Extremephiles

Extreme condition lover

Thermophiles

heat loving

methanophiles

methane loving

halophiles

salt loving

Eubacteria

The singled celled organisms we are most familiar with

Eukarya

All other life from single celled to multicellular organisms, contains a membrane bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles

the 8 levels to life classification

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

6 kingdoms

Eubacteria, archaebacteria, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia

Dichotomous key

A tool used to identify organisms using its physical features

Prokaryotes

Single celled organisms with no nucleus or membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotes

Organisms with cells that contain a distinct nucleus within a membrane or organelle

Levels of classification for a human

Eukarya, animalia, chordata, Mammalia, primates, hominidae, homo, sapiens

Evolution

The process of cumulative change in the heritable characteristics of a population

Speciation

The evolutionary process by which a new and distinct species can arise

Molecular evidence for evolution

evidence from genetic data and amino acid sequences

Experimental evidence

evidence from selective breeding

Morphological evidence

evidence from homologous structures

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Hypothesized that organisms acquired characters during their lifetime and passed them on to their offspring

Charles darwin

Developed the theory of natural selection after going to the Galapagos islands and studying the finches there

Alfred russell wallace

The scientist who developed an almost identical theory to charles darwin

Natural selection

Overproduction of offsprings which creates variation within the population, and those who are fittest to survive the environment lives on to pass on their genes

4 Sources of variation within a population

Mutation, sexual reproduction, cell division, gene flow

Mutation