cdi 2 finals

Death Investigation

It deals with the postmortem investigation of sudden and unexpected death.

Forensic Pathology

It is the branch of medicine associated with the study of structural changes in the body caused by disease or injury.

Anatomic

which deals with structural alterations of the human body.

Autopsy pathology

Examines the body after death to find the cause of disease.

Surgical pathology

Analyzes tissue samples taken during operations or biopsies.

Cytopathology

Studies loose cells or fluid samples under a microscope.

Clinical

which deals with laboratory examination of samples removed from the body.

Surgical pathology

heavily relies on gross examination (or "grossing"), where pathologists or assistants physically inspect, measure, and dissect tissue specimens removed from patients during surgery to identify abnormalities like tumors.

Cytopathology

focuses on disease diagnosis at a cellular level. Samples obtained from fluid washes, smears, or fine-needle aspirations are spread across a glass slide, stained with specialized dyes, and meticulously evaluated under a light microscope.

Antemortem Conditions

Healed fractures, surgical devices, or bone responses like porosity and callus formation show prior health events.

Perimortem Trauma

Fresh bone breaks and unhealed impacts superimpose on old conditions without showing cellular healing, marking the fatal event.

Postmortem Alterations

Environmental and taphonomic changes interact uniformly with both old injuries and fresh damage, sometimes mimicking or masking prior pathology.

Postmortem

It is in reference to events or changes that occur after death.

Antemortem

It is in reference to events or changes that occur before death.

Cessation

Heartbeat, breathing, and brain activity stop completely.

Flaccidity

Muscles become soft and relaxed right away.

Pallor Mortis

Skin turns pale as blood flow stops. It occurs between 15 and 20 minutes after death.

Algor mortis

The body cools down to match the surrounding air temperature, dropping about 2°C in the first hour and 1°C per hour after that.

Rigor Mortis

is a condition in which the muscles of the body become hardened as a result of chemical changes within the muscles fibers.

Livor Mortis

or hypostasis is a purplish discoloration of the body and organ surfaces. It results when blood settles to the lower parts of the body. It becomes fixed at about 12 hours with diffusion Lividity.

Diffusion Lividity

is a yellowish or paleness color on the part of the body which is in contact with the surface

Tache noir

The cornea turns hazy, and a dark triangular spot may form on the white of the eye

Desiccation

It is the state of extreme dryness, or the process of extreme drying.

Autolysis

Cells break down using internal body enzymes.

Decomposition

also referred to as putrefaction, is the sequence of physiochemical events that begins with death and ends with the dissolution of the nondurable parts of the body.

Purge

As the body begins to transform into a liquid state and gases build within the body, the gases force the fluid from the body. This fluid ranges from dark red and dark brown to black and has a very unpleasant odor.

Mummification

Occurs when the body dries out faster than decomposition takes place usually in hot, dry environment.

Fingerprint identification

is the most positive and quickest method of ascertaining identity. However, the prints of the deceased may not be on file or may not be obtainable because of trauma, mutilation, incineration or decomposition. The sole clue maybe bone, a skull or a few teeth.

Skeletal Studies

provide a basis for identification because of individual peculiarities such as old fractures and presence of metal pins. Bones may also provide information about age, sex, and race.

Visual Inspection

Someone knowing the deceased person may recognize the victim. However, trauma, incineration, or decomposition may render the features unrecognizable. In addition, a visual inspection without further verification has the advantage of possible subjective error or deliberate false identification. Visual inspection combined with fingerprint evidence is a favored method for rapid identification.

Personal Effects

Identification of a victim by personal effects such as Jewelry, I.D. card, wallets, belts, shoes etc.

Tattoo and Scars

Identification scars, moles, tattoos, pockmarks or other markings may be helpful in identification, particularly in conjunction with other findings.

Dental Evidences

Identification based on the examination of teeth (teeth charts, fillings, inlays crowns, bridgework, dentures etc.) is valuable inasmuch as the teeth are probably the most durable part of the human body. There are probably no two people alive with dentures that are completely identical in all respects.

Photographs

identification of victims has been made by publication in bulletins, circulars, television and other distribution media, artist sketches, death mark and casts have likewise aided the police in identifying unknowns

Victims Background

very promising leads can be developed from the review of the background of the victim that can provide the background of the victim which can give the pursuit defined goals.

Modus Operandi

choice of particular crime to commit and the selection of a method of committing a criminal act that forms the signature of the criminal give a clear lead on who might have committed the crime.

Informants

are a traditional starting point in seeking basic leads. In fact, informants sometimes offer data about an unreported or undiscovered crime or one in its planning stage.

Benefits

the question of who might benefit from the crime provides an excellent focus for making inquiry. The “benefit factor” can provide investigative leads.

Opportunity Knowledge

simply determining who might have knowledge of the crime to establish further information.

Sex Crime

It is triggered by emotion. A person who commits a sex crime has lost control of his emotions. It is not something you can set out and analyze. It is a compulsion coming deep within the offender.

Sex

It is an inborn instinct of a man. Any person without sex desire is abnormal.

Sexual Assault

It is a genderless crime which involves unconventional sexual acts of violence and aggression committed on the genital, oral or anal orifices of another person.

Virginity

is the condition of a woman where the hymen of her vagina is still intact or un-ruptured. It does not mean that when the hymen is intact, there is no case of rape.

Defloration

It is the Rupture or laceration of the hymen as a result of sexual intercourse.

the state of not knowing the nature of sexual life and not having experienced sexual relation. applies to children below the age of puberty and whose sex organs and secondary sex characters are not yet developed. 

Physical Virginity

A condition whereby a woman is conscious of the nature of sexual life but has not experienced sexual inter course.

True Physical Virginity

a condition where the hymen is intact.

False Physical Virginity

a condition where the hymen is unruptured, but the orifice is wide and elastic to admit two or more fingers.

Demi-Virginity

this term refers to a condition of a woman who permits any form of sexual liberties as long as they abstain from rupturing the hymen by sexual act.

Virgo Intacta

this is a condition of a woman who had experienced sexual intercourses but not yet born a child.

Fetishism

refers to a person who satisfied sex urge through wearing of an object (e.g. underwear of a woman) compulsively used in attaining sexual gratification.

Ritualism

sex offenders of this category use the same approach or pretext all the time. This will help in solving serial rapes by analyzing the peculiar rituals used.

Sex Fantasy

the offender who puts his dreams to reality to see if he will feel even better and its importance to him.

Sadism

prior acts of cruelty before the sex encounter which brings climax satisfaction.

Masochism

sexual satisfaction is gained by being humiliated, hurt or beaten before the sexual act.

Sado-Masochism

inflicts injury and at the same time enjoys having injury inflected upon him preceding the sexual act.

Voyeurism

a sexual gratification by looking a nude person. Peeping tom is included in this category.

Satyrism

an abnormal over sexual activity on the part of the men. The abnormal sexual offender is called satyr, which was derived from the Greek Mythology of a half-man half-goat animal who could impregnate fifty female goats a day.

Nymphomania

the compulsive and uncontrollable feeling of woman to over indulge in sexual activity. The woman is called nymphomaniac.

Necromania

sexual gratification on dead person or love towards a dead person.

Pedophilia

sexual gratification where the victims are children. The person afflicted with this sexual perversion is the pedophile.

Symbolism

the representation of thing by the use of symbols especially in the art or literature.

Sodomy

sexual intercourse thru the anus or anal sex.

Oral Sex

sexual perversion where gratification is thru the mouth.

Bestiality

sex gratification is thru sexual intercourse with animals like pets such as dogs, cats, etc.

Impotency

the failure to have erection of the male organ.

Sterility

the failure to procreate or produce offspring. A man may not be impotent but sterile and vice versa. A woman is never called impotent but maybe sterile.

RA No. 9995

specifically penalizes the unauthorized capture, recording, copying, sharing, publishing, or broadcasting of private sexual acts or private body areas. It already expressly covers dissemination through the internet, cellular phones, and similar devices.

RA No. 11313

specifically addresses gender-based online sexual harassment, including unwanted sexual content or conduct committed through information and communications technology.

RA No. 10175

contains certain specific cybercrime offenses and also provides that crimes under the Revised Penal Code or special laws, when committed by, through, or with the use of ICT, may be covered by its relevant provisions.

RA No. 9995

Sharing another person’s private sexual image or video without consent

RA No. 10175

Online libel, hacking, identity theft, computer-related fraud

RA No. 11313

Sending an unsolicited nude or sexually explicit image

Child Sexual Abuse Material

Any image, video, audio, written, digital, or other material depicting or representing a child engaged in real or simulated sexual activity, sexual abuse, or sexual exploitation. The production, possession, access, distribution, or sharing of CSAM is punishable under RA No. 11930.

Child Grooming

A pattern of behavior in which an offender establishes trust, emotional connection, or influence with a child, or with the child’s family or caregivers, either online or offline, for the purpose of facilitating sexual abuse, sexual exploitation, or the production of child sexual abuse material.

Statutory Rape

Sexual intercourse with a person below sixteen (16) years of age, regardless of apparent consent, subject to the limited close-in-age exception provided under RA No. 11648(raises the age of sexual consent from 12 to 16 years old).

Rape

is classified as crime against persons through Republic Act No. 8353

Marital rape

rape could also now be committed by husband.

Pre-Marital rape

Rape could also be committed by male live-in partner.