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Why does trachea have a ring of cartilage?

cartilage supports the trachea and keeps it open during breathing.

what are the 2 types of intercostal muscles?

external intercoastal muscles: used for breathing it as it expands the lungs.
Internal intercostals muscles: used for breathing out, pulling the chest inwards.

When breathing in, what happens to the thorax volume and the pressure?

The thorax volume increases as pressure decreases, allowing the air to flow in.

When breathing out, what happens to the thorax volume and the pressure?

the thorax volume decreases, increasing the pressure, allowing the air to exhale out.

When breathing in how does the diaphragm, rib, and the intercoastal muscles act?

The diaphragm contract, rib flares/upward, external intercoastal muscles contract and internal intercoastal muscle relax.

When breathing out how does the diaphragm, rib, and the intercoastal muscles act?

The diaphragm relaxes, ribs move downward/relaxes, external intercoastal muscles relax, internal intercostal muscles contract.

What are goblet cells?

goblet cells produce mucus and are often found in the bronchi/trachea.

What do mucus do?

Mucus traps dust, pathogens and other harmful particles before they reach our lungs

What do cilia cells do?

cilia cells beat the mucus away lungs into the throat, so that it gets swallowed instead and the stomach acid kills the pathogen.