Chemistry Year 10 Term 1 Content: Bonding

Group

The vertical columns of the periodic table.

Period

The horizontal columns of the periodic table.

Cations

Negative with a positive charge (METAL).

Anions

Positive with a negative charge (NON-METAL).

1st shell

Contains 2 electrons.

2nd shell

Contains 8 electrons.

3rd shell

Contains 8 electrons.

Neutral atom

In a neutral atom, number of electrons = atomic number.

Valence electron shell

The outer electron shell.

Group elements

Elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons.

Lithium electron configuration

2,1

Nitrogen electron configuration

2,5

Calcium valence electrons

2

Nitrogen valence electrons

5

Ionic bonding

Between metal and non-metal; atoms give or take electrons to get a full valence electron shell.

Ionic Formula for Potassium Oxide

K₂O

Ionic Formula For Ammonium Carbonate

(NH₄)₂CO₃

Covalent bonding

Between two or more non-metals; atoms share electrons to get a full valence shell.

Metallic bonding

Between two metals; valence electrons form a 'sea' of free-moving electrons.

Draw Electron Dot Diagrams For: K2O, AlBr3,CH3Cl and SO

Draw on paper

Ionic Substances Structure

Lattice of alternating positive and negative ions.

Ionic Substances Attraction

Strong electrostatic attraction holds ions together.

Ionic Substances Malleability

Brittle; when force is applied, like charges align and repel → crystal shatters.

Ionic Substances Electrical Conductivity

Solid: ❌ Cannot conduct (ions fixed in place); Liquid (molten): ✅ Can conduct (ions free to move).

Ionic Substances Melting/Boiling Point

High; strong electrostatic attraction between ions.

Metallic Substances Structure

Lattice of positive metal ions surrounded by a sea of delocalised (free) electrons.

Metallic Substances Attraction

Strong attraction between ions and electrons.

Metallic Substances Malleability

Malleable; layers slide but attraction still exists between ions and electron sea.

Metallic Substances Electrical Conductivity

Solid & Liquid: ✅ Conduct electricity; free electrons can move and carry charge.

Metallic Substances Melting/Boiling Point

High (usually); strong attraction between metal ions and delocalised electrons.

Covalent Molecular Substances Structure

Small groups of atoms bonded together → neutral molecules.

Covalent Molecular Substances Attraction

Weak attraction between molecules.

Covalent Molecular Substances Malleability

Not malleable; weak intermolecular forces mean they break easily.

Covalent Molecular Substances Electrical Conductivity

❌ Do not conduct (no charged particles).

Covalent Molecular Substances Melting/Boiling Point

Low; weak attraction between molecules.

Precipitation

A reaction between two solutions that forms a solid. Symbol is s

Is Lead nitrate, Pb(NO_{3})_{2} soluble

Yes it is

Definition of soluble and insoluble

Soluble are substances that dissolve in water and insoluble are substances that can't

Define acids and bases and list the properties

acids release H⁺ ions in a reaction. and are sour, corrosive and reacts with metals. Bases bases take in H⁺ ions in a reaction. and are bitter, slippery and caustic

What is a PH scale

This measures the acidity or alkalinity of a substance

What is the name of group 1,2,17,18

alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, nobel gases