Nurse 210 Midterm Study

Infancy

birth to 12-15 months

Toddlerhood

12-15 months to 2-3 years

Early childhood

2-3 years to 5-6 years

Middle childhood

5-6 to 12 years

Biological factors

genes, brain, physical abilities

Environmental factors

nutrition, education, interpersonal interactions

Maturation

developmental changes mainly affected by biological processes

Learning

interactions with the environment

Trust vs mistrust

birth - 1 year, trustworthiness of environment

Autonomy vs shame

1-3 years, discover body and how to control it

Initiative vs guilt

3-6 years, explore world

Industry vs inferiority

6-12 years, develop skills

Classical conditioning

naturally occurring reflexes becomes associated with environmental cues

Operant conditioning

Rewards and punishments influence actions

Social Learning theory

Learning through observing actions and experiences of others

Human genome

20,500 genes

23rd chromosome

determines sex

Mitosis

ordinary cell division, results in 2 cells identical to parent cell

Meiosis

cell division that yields sperm and ova (gametes), each includes ½ of a full set of chromosomes

Conception

union of sperm and ovum to form zygote

1st trimester

week 1-13, germinal period

2nd trimester

weeks 13-25, embryonic period

third trimester

weeks 25-38, fetal period

Germinal period

after conception, period of very rapid cell division and initial cell differentiation lasting 2 weeks

Monozygotic (identical) twins

zygote divides into 2 or more embryos (same sex)

Dizygotic (fraternal) twins

multiple ova fertilized (same or diff sex)

Factors in multi birth increase

maternal age and fertility treatments

Embryonic period

begins when implantation is complete, embryonic disk grows rapidly, cells differentiate into placenta and umbilical cord, and amniotic sac

Glial cells

nourish the neuron, number increases rapidly in first 2 years and afterwards

Neurons

communicate through synapses

During two year period

change is more rapid and dramatic than during any other 2 year period

Myelination

produced by glial cells and is deposited around neurons, most rapid during infancy

Brain growth spurt

Rapid growth during infancy in the size of neurons, number of glial cells, and complexity of neural connections

At birth, the brain weighs about

25% of its adult weight

By age 1, the birth weights

70% of its adult weight

By age 3, the brain has grown to

90% of its adult weight

Plasticity

The degree to which the brain can be modified through experience, makes it possible to reassign functions in the case of injury

Waking activity

motor activities that involve the whole body, irregular breaths

Crying

due to hunger, anger, pain, or discomfort

Alert inactivity

eyes open and follow with moving objects

Drowsiness

regular breaths, fairly inactive, eyes open and close

Regular Sleep

slow and regular breaths, relaxed face and eyes closed

Irregular Sleep

gentle limb movements, grimaces, REM indicating dreaming

Habituation

form of learning which allows them to ignore meaningless, repetitive stimuli in environment

Marasmus

not enough food, muscles and fat wastes away

Kwashiorkor

inadequate protein intake, look thin but bellies bulge due to fluid retention, affect brain development if happen less than 3

Attachment

emotional bond between child and caregiver

Imprinting

bond between newborn animals and mothers, present in birth

Discrepancy hypothesis

7 months, infants recognize familiar objects and experience anxiety from unfamiliarity

Social referencing

emotional signals from parent that influence infant behavior

Gross motor 2 years

walk, run, climb, push, pull, hang but little endurance

Gross motor 3 years

automaticity, ability to perform motor skills without thinking

Gross motor 4 years

can skip and jump

Gross motor 5 years

skip smoothly , balance beam, stand on one foot, throw and catch ball, dance

Animism

assuming that all things that move are alive

Reification

believing people and objects in dreams and stories are real

Egocentrism

viewing everything from a personal point of view rather than objectively

Symbolic representation

using actions, images, words to represent past or present events, experiences, and concepts, marks emergence of preoperational period

Fear

arousal, tension caused by a known source

Anxiety

uneasiness and fear without a known source

Prosocial behavior

actions intended to benefit others, empathy, displayed as young as 2

Middle childhood growth and changes

growth is slower and steadier, boys and girls equally strong but differences in size

Beginning of girl growth spurt

9-10 years

beginning of growth spurt for boys

11 years

Preoperational stage

2-7 years, irreversible and egocentric, focused on perceptual evidence

Concrete operational

7-12 years, reversible and flexible, multidimensional and less egocentric, marked by cause and effect and logical inferences

ADHD

extreme inattentiveness, impulse control problem, hyper

ASD

disturbance in social interaction, communication, and behavior

Self concept

interweaves personality and social behavior, become realistic and more accurate understanding their skills and limits

Self esteem

one’s attitude toward oneself

Social cognition

thought, knowledge of the social world

Resilient children

Children who are able to overcome difficult environments to lead socially competent lives