Zoology Exam 2 UTA

Protoplasmic

It is a Uni cellular organism that has two organelles in the Proto plasm

Cellular

Division of labor among aggregated cells that function differently

Cell tissue

Aggregations of similar cells that are grouped into patterns or layers that are specialized for a common function

Tissue organ

Tissues combined with other tissue to form a more complex functional structure than a single tissue

Organ system

Organs working together for a common purpose they are higher functioning across spatial and temporal dimensions of the organism

Spherical Symmetry

Equal halves throughout any plane

Radial Symmetry

Multiple planes passing through the longitudinal axis

Biracial Symmetry

Single or paired with only 2 planes

Bilateral Symmetry

2 planes along a saggital axis that halves mirror each other

Coel

Any hollow or open space

Acoelomate (liverfluke)

Mesodermal cells that filled blastocoel

Pseudocoelomate (nematode)

Mesodermal cells that line outer edge of blastocoel, living 2 body cavities

Coelomate (vertebrate)

Mesodermal cells that line entire body cavity

Extracellular Components

Blood plasma

Interstitial fluid

Histology

Study of tissues

Epithelial Tissue

Covers body, organs, and cavities

What does the epithelial tissue protect from?

Mechanical injuries

Fluid loss

Pathogens

What are the 2 sides of the epithelial tissue?

Apical

Basal

What is the apical side of the epithelium tissue exposed to?

Air

Fluids

What is apical side of the epithelium tissue have on it?

Projections

Filling

Villi

The basal side of separates epithelium tissue from underlying tissue by the?

Basal lamen

What is the function of simple cuboidal arrangement of epithelial tissue?

Secretion

What is the function of simple columnar arrangement of epithelial tissue?

Secretion & absorption

What is the function of stratified squamous arrangement of epithelial tissue?

Protection

What is the function of simple squamous arrangement of epithelial tissue?

Diffusion

What is the function of transitional arrangement of epithelial tissue?

Stretching

Connective tissue

A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts

What is the ECM of the connective tissue consist of?

Fluid, jelly like, or solid foundation

What are sparely packed in the ECM?

Cells

What the 2 major cells found in connective tissue?

Fibroblasts - secrete proteins of ECM fibers

Microphages - engulf foreign particles, debris

All 3 connective tissue fibers are made of proteins, what are these 3 fiber types?

Collagenous

Elastic

Reticular

Collagenous fibers

provide strength and flexibility

Elastic fibers

Contain all 3 fibers: collagenous, elastic, and reticular in which helps them stretch and snap back to their original length

Reticular fibers

join connective tissue to adjacent tissues

What are the 6 major connective tissues in vertebrates?

Loose connective tissue

Fibrous connective tissue

Adipose tissue

Blood tissue

Cartilage

Bone

Cartilage

strong connective tissue that supports the body

Cushioned between disks, joints

What is embedded in chondroitin sulfate of cartilage?

Lots of collagenous fibers

Fibrous connective tissue

Tissue that contains rows of cells called fibroblasts that makes up tendons and ligaments

What are tendons connected too?

Muscles to bone

What are ligaments attached to?

Bones to joints

How is fibrous connective tissue maximized in nonelastic strength?

Dense collagenous fibers

Adipose tissue

stores fat for insulation and fuel

Adipose tissue is specialized...?

Loose connective tissue

Where are fragments of blood found?

Plasma

Osteoblasts

Bone building cells

Osteoclasts

Break down bone

Osteon

Layers of mineralized matrix

Bone

Forms skeleton

What are the minerals in bone tissue?

Calcium

Magnesium

Phosphate

What are the three muscle types?

Skeletal

Smooth

Cardiac

Muscle tissue consists of what filaments?

Actin and myosin

Skeletal Muscle

Striated and voluntary

What is contractile units called?

Sacromeres

Muscles enlarge and?

Divide

Smooth Muscle

Muscle lacks striations with involuntary muscle that causes movements within your body

Cardiac Muscle

Contraction of the heart

Nervous Tissues

Sense stimuli and transmits signals in the form of nerve impulses throughout the animal

Nervous tissue contains:

Neurons

Glial cells (glia)

Glial cells (glia)

Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons.

As length increases, volume and surface area do what?

Volume increases more quickly than surface area

Larger animals have ______ volume exposed

Less

What implications do large animals have?

Mineral transport

Nematodes and flatworms increase surface area by changing what?

Shape

Large animals develop what?

Transport systems

What is an advantage of being multicellular?

Low surface area to volume ratio

Why is low surface area to volume ratio important?

Allows individual cells to be more efficient

What is the "first" multicellular animal?

Sponges

Cells that embed in an extracellular matrix are characteristics of?

Sponges and multicellular organisms

Sponges are the first group of Metazoans to branch off, what is the name of their sister animals?

Choanoflagellate algae

Chaoanocyte cells possess:

Choanoflagellates and sponges

In sponges and choanoflagellates what is their collar made of?

Microvilli

What is the function of choanocyte cells?

Collect particles for filter feeding, usually bacteria

Phylum Porifera

Sponges

"Porus" and "fera"

Pore and bearing

What is the average size of sponges?

2 mm to 2 m across

What environment are sponges located?

Aquatic

What is the symmetry of sponges?

Radial Symmetry

What is the function of the pores on sponges?

To facilitate water

True or False: sponges do not have organs or tissues

True

True or False: nervous system is present in sponges and have a high organismal response to stimuli

False, sponges have no nervous system and have a limited response to stimuli

Where is asexual reproduction found in sponges?

Buds and gemmules

Where is sexual reproduction found in sponges?

Eggs

Sperm

free swimming larvae

Sponges are suspension feeders, what does that mean?

Sponges ingest small food through phagocytosis for larger particles or pinocytosis for smaller proteins

What gives sponges support?

Spicules embedded in spongin

Pinacoderm

Incurrent pores on cells

Dermal Ostia

Incurrent pores for the sponge

What is analogous to epithelial cells and the closest thing to true tissue in sponges?

Pinacocytes

Mesohyl

jelly-like layer just below the pinacocyte layer (sometimes called mesenchyme)

Archaeocytes

Ameboid cells that move in the mesohyl

What cells make spicules? Spongin? Collagen?

Sclerocytes

Spongocytes

Collencytes and lophocytes

Myocytes regulate what through what in sponges?

Contraction

What are the three body forms of sponges?

Asconoid

Syconoid

Leuconoid

What occurs in gemmules that involves asexual reproduction of sponges?

Somatic embryogenesis

Parenchymula

Free swimming larvae

What is the weird sponges development that puts flagellated cells on the outside?

Blastula develops causing inversions

Advantages of asexual reproduction

don't have to find or compete for mates

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction

Very little genetic variation among offspring

Advantages of sexual reproduction

Creates a lot of genetic variation among offspring

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

have to find and compete for mates

What is mullers ratchet?

Negatives mutations over time

Less fit population