POLI SCI 186 Midterm #1

Asiatic Barred Zone

A barring of Asian immigrants

Why are networks important to immigrants?

Provide them with resource: housing, support, faciltate movement (immigration information), cultural integration

Naturalization Act of 1795: requirements for citizenship (4)

1. Free born white persons

2. Live in the U.S for 5 years and declare intent to naturalize after 2 years

3. Oath of allegiance to the U.S no foreign allegiances

4. Good character in court

Alien Enemies Act/ Alien & Sedition Act

Enables government to deport aliens from countries hostile to U.S

Chinese Exclusion Act 1882: What was it, what did it do to immigration, why?

10 year ban on Chinese laborers from admission into the country, lowered the numbers of immigrants from china, U.S in economic depression and is fearful of Chinese labor competition

Dilingham Commission 1907: Why and Effects

Wanted to add scientific racism to lessen immigration, literacy tests, quotas

Immigration Act of 1917: Why and what did it do ?

1. Fears because of rising Southern Europe immigration

2. allowed for the deportation of immigrants commited a crime within the last 5 years, “barred zones” for all of Asia, Literacy tests

Emergency Quota Act of 1921: Why and what did it do ?

1. Worries about the rise of immigrants/eugenics

2. Quotas are set to restrict immigration in a way that favored European immigrants and excluded asian immigrants

Immigration Act of 1924: Why and what did it do, what does this cause ?

1. Nativism, post WW2 tensions

2. Favors countries with a higher population in the 20th century —> which was obviously European ones

3. Immigration drops substantially

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965: Why and what did it do ?

1. The U.S is under the spotlight because WW2 just ended —> desire to fix undo civil rights movement policies

2. Abolished national origin quoats in favor of annual caps immigration per country, greater focus on family reunification and skilled labor

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigration Responsibility Act

1. Bill Clinton economic recession

2. Expanded which crimes were deportable (made them way more), someone was undocumented for 6 months = must leave for three years, undocumented for 1 year = 10 years

3. Caused more people to stay in the U.S undocumented

What factors drive public support for immigration (2)

1. Need to Populate gained territory

2. Need for a labor force

What factors drive public opposition to immigration (4)

1. Religion

2. Taking away job opportunity

3. Spread of infectious disease

4. Economic recession

What has been the major change along the border over the years?

Laws have gotten more restrictive, the original border was only a line on the ground now there are all these harsh punishments

Push factors of migration (3)

1. Persecution

2. Natural Disasters

3. Poverty/low quality of life

Immigration Timeline: 1700’s-1800’s (2)

1. Pro-immigrant: needed populations and jobs, there was an open door policy very loose

2. These laws still excluded non-white immigrants (Naturalization Act of 1795)

Immigration Timeline: First wave 1840-1889 (3)

1. Irish, German, and Chinese

2. Worries about jobs being taken, how they would assimilate, and diseases

3. Chinese Exclusion at this time

Immigration Timeline: Second Wave 1890-1919

1. Italians and Russians

2. Fearful time of the increase immigration from Southern Europe lots of Anti-immigrant policy developed (Dillingham Commision 1907, Immigration act of 1917, Emergency Quota Act of 1921, Immigration Act of 1924)

Immigration Timeline: Third Wave 1965-2024

1. Latin and East Asian

2. Migrants mainly coming for economic orientation

3. Most laws meant to deter “illegal immigration” just encouraged people to stay undocumented

Where are most immigrants TODAY choosing to go?

Latin American Countries

Who are the most common immigrants in the United States? (2)

Mexicans and Indians

Which Four States have the most immigrants

California, Texas, Florida, New York

Nativism Definition

Fear/dislike of foreigners, belief that immigrants are bad for society

Eugenics and Immigration

In terms of immigration this led to states creating quotas, sterilization of disabled individuals, and bans on interracial coupling

What argument against immigration is repeated throughout history?

They threaten wages and living standards but are also needed for labor

What is the immigrant share of the U.S population today?

14.3%

What was the caveat of the Naturalization Act of 1795

You had to be a free born white person

What factors drove public support for immigration 19th Century ?

Populate gained territory and Labor

What factors drove public opposition to immigration in the 19th century ? (4)

1. Religious fear (fear of non-protestant immigrants)

2. Nativism

3. Loss of jobs

4. Concerns over the spread of infectious disease

What motivated the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act ? (3)

1. Worry concerning the number of immigrants arriving from China

2. Labor competition

3. Racial hostility

Immigration act of 1917: Motivation (2)

1. Fear over the increased immigration from Southern Europe

2. ww1 anti-german

What is the main argument of (Huemer 2010) “Is there a right to migrate”?

Migration is a prima facie right (a legally binding right) for all morally innocent people

What is the main argument of Heath (2008): “Immigration and freedom of association” ?

That states reserve the right to choose who can immigrant into, freedom of association, we have the right to choose who our national identity becomes associated with

Push Factor definition

Factors that drive people to leave a particular area

Networks facilitate greater migration: True or False (what author)

True (Massey 1999)

Seele et al (2023): what doe they say about migrant flows

Many migrants are moving within regions, no longer are they going to the U.S

Pew research: meaninful statistics (2)

1. 51.9 million immigrants in the U.S

2. Most from Latin America

What does (Ruiz 2024) et all say about border enforcement

Unauthorized migration has not lessened despite greater barriers because there needs to be more effective strategies such as coordination between immigration agencies, better legal pathways, and more regional cooperation

What issues tend to preoccupy first generation immigrants ?

Portes and Rumbaut (2014): Issues affecting the homeland

What are transnational communities?

Communties across two or more countries that can be influential on domestic politics through voting, remittances, influencing others votes

How do immigrant identities develop overtime: 1st generation

Maintain strong ties to country of origin, navigating new cultural and institutions (Portes and Rumbaut (2014)

How do immigrant identities develop overtime: 2nd generation

Children grow up with families traditions that culturally connect them to their parents homeland while their lived experiences shape their world view (Portes and Rumbaut (2014)

Ways to become a citizen: Jus Solis

Right of soil, born onto U.S soil

Ways to become a citizen: Jus Sanguinis

Right of blood, have a parent who is an American citizen (birth right citizenship)

Ways to become a citizen: Naturalize

Process of becoming a citizen

Why do people who can naturalize choose not to (Apketr)

Finacial and social barriers to entry are being made more difficult every day

What factors do Portes and Rumabut 92014) find as driving factor in the willingness to naturalize (6)

1. Entrepreneurs

2. Asylum seekers

3. Refugees

4. Education level

5. Reversability of migration: some do not want to live in the U.S forever

6. Percieved risk of going back to their homeland

Guest Lecture: Why Eugenics

A belief that intelligence and morality are inherited, need to optimize “best civilians”

Guest Lecture: Why so much immigration 1880-1920 (2)

1. Railroads in Europe

2. Promise of opportunity in the U.S

Guest Lecture: Who were good vs. bad immigrants

Good: immigrants who reflect protestant elite: Northern ans Western Europeans

Bad: Those who did not, Southern and Eastern European

Guest Lecture: Francis Galton

Suggests that we find 5k of the best men and 5k of the best women and pay them to breed the best babies

Guest Lecture: White Civil war

White nations killing each other was dsygenic for the human race

Guest Lecture: Dsygenic

Low intelligence, morality, and criminality, idea that a certain threshold of intelligence was required to be an american

What was the issue in both the 1921 and 1924 Immigration Act

Although they were supposed to reflect the current population makeup, however they were based on census that excluded southern and eastern europeans and therefore statistics were not accurate

Guest Lecture: Mexican Bodies

Mexicans are fit for work but unfit for citizenship

Guest Lecture: Mexican discrimination

Mexican children were said to be genetically dumber than U.S children

Guest Lecture: Eugenic Sterilization (when and why)

20,000 sterilization statewide between 1909-1979 in order to “protect” the biological future of the nation

1882 Immigration Act: Huemer

Any person deemed lunatic, convict, idiot or unable to take care of themselves can not be U.S citizen. At Ellis Island they were inspected for signs of “unfitness” x: hunched shoulders

1790 Naturalization Act

Only those deemed “legally White” can naturalize