Unit 4 AP World History Second Column

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Taino

Indigenous people of the Caribbean encountered by Columbus.

smallpox

Epidemic disease that decimated indigenous American populations.

Cortes and Pizarro

Spanish conquistadors who conquered the Aztec and Inca empires.

viceroys

Spanish colonial governors representing the monarch.

Treaty of Tordesillas

1494 agreement dividing the New World between Spain and Portugal.

La Malinche (Dona Marina)

Nahua woman who served as interpreter and guide for Cortes.

castas

Spanish colonial social hierarchy based on racial ancestry.

peninsulares

Spaniards born in Europe, at the top of colonial society.

creoles (criollos)

People of European descent born in the Americas.

mestizos

People of mixed European and indigenous ancestry.

mulattoes

People of mixed European and African ancestry.

zambos

People of mixed indigenous and African ancestry.

metis

People of mixed French and indigenous ancestry in North America.

encomienda

Forced labor system granting Spanish colonists native tribute and labor.

hacienda

Large Spanish agricultural estates using coerced labor.

engenho

Colonial Brazilian sugar cane mills and plantation complexes.

mita

Incan coerced labor system adapted by the Spanish for mining.

silver

Global commodity from Potosi that funded the Spanish empire.

Potosi

Massive Andean silver-mining center in modern Bolivia.

Manila, Philippines

Spanish trade entrepot linking American silver to Asian markets.

fur trade and yasak

Siberian tribute system and North American trade in pelts.

indentured labor

Temporary labor contract in exchange for passage to colonies.

chattel slavery

System where people are treated as personal property.

middle passage

Brutal maritime voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic.

African diaspora and culture

Spread of African peoples and traditions across the Americas.

Brazil and the Caribbean

Major centers of sugar production and plantation slavery.

Triangular Trade

Atlantic trade network connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

Columbian Exchange

Global transfer of plants, animals, and diseases across hemispheres.

Jesuits

Catholic missionary order active globally in education and conversion.

Dutch Learning

Study of Western science and medicine in isolation-era Japan.

Virgin of Guadalupe

Syncretic Mexican religious icon blending Catholic and indigenous symbols.

syncretism

Blending of different religious beliefs and cultural practices.

Vodou (Vodun), Candomble, Santeria

Syncretic Afro-American religions blending Catholicism and African beliefs.