Kinetic Anatomy and Body Structures Flashcards

A set of 50 vocabulary flashcards covering key terms from Chapter 1 on human structures, bone classifications, landmark terminology, joint types, muscle properties, levers, nervous systems, and vasculature.

Kinetic Anatomy

The study of human movement.

Epithelial Tissue

Protective barriers that line all of your body's organs and surfaces, including respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, and reproductive systems.

Wolff's Law

The principle stating that bone adapts to the stresses placed upon it.

Long Bones

Bones that feature a diaphysis, epiphyses, epiphyseal plate, periosteum, and articular cartilage; examples include the femur and humerus.

Short Bones

Symmetrical bones with no diaphysis, such as those found in the wrist and ankle.

Flat Bones

Bones defined by a flat shape, located in areas such as the head, chest, and shoulder.

Irregular Bones

Bones that do not fit into long, short, or flat categories, such as the vertebrae.

Sesamoid Bones

Free-floating, sesame seed-shaped bones found in tendons and muscles, such as the patella.

Tuberosity

A large bump on a bone.

Process

A projection extending from a bone.

Tubercle

A smaller bump on a bone.

Spinous Process

A longer and thinner projection of bone.

Condyles

Bony knobs located at the ends of long bones.

Epicondyles

Smaller knobs located just above the condyles of a bone.

Fossa

A smooth, hollow surface on a bone.

Facet

A smaller, flatter smooth surface on a bone.

Notch

An area of bone that appears cut out to allow the passage of other structures.

Foramen

A hole in a bone.

Articulation

A joint where two or more bones join together.

Arthrokinematics

Joint movement actions that include rolling, spinning, and gliding.

Ligaments

Fibrous connective tissue that holds bones and joints together.

Diarthrodial Joints

Joints containing a joint cavity, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, and capsule, allowing the largest amount of movement.

Synarthrodial Joints

Joints that do not possess a joint cavity.

Synovial Fluid

Fluid inside a diarthrodial joint cavity that provides nutrients.

Hinge Joint

A shape-based classification of diarthrodial joint, such as the joint between the humerus and ulna.

Ball-and-Socket Joint

A shape-based classification of diarthrodial joint, such as the head of the humerus joining the scapula.

Suture Joint

A subdivision of synarthrodial joints found in the skull.

Muscle Origin

The point where a skeletal muscle attaches to the proximal bone of a joint.

Muscle Insertion

The point where a skeletal muscle attaches to the distal bone of a joint.

Extensibility

A muscle characteristic allowing it to stretch.

Elasticity

A muscle characteristic allowing it to return to its original length after being stretched.

Contractility

A muscle characteristic enabling it to shorten and produce force.

Excitability

Also called irritability; the muscle characteristic that enables it to respond to a stimulus.

SAID Principle

Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demands; the principle that muscle changes in size and strength according to the demands placed on it.

Muscle Cross-Sectional Area

A structural factor where a larger cross section yields more muscle fibers and greater strength.

Type 1 Muscle Fibers

Slow twitch, smaller, dark-colored muscle fibers that are slow to fatigue.

Type 2 Muscle Fibers

Fast twitch, larger, lighter-colored muscle fibers that fatigue faster.

First-Class Lever

A lever system where the axis is positioned between the resistance and the force, such as the head resting on the first vertebra.

Second-Class Lever

A lever system where the resistance is positioned between the axis and the force, such as standing on tiptoes.

Third-Class Lever

A lever system where the force is positioned between the resistance and the axis, such as flexing the elbow with the biceps brachii.

Central Nervous System

The main nervous system division comprising the brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral Nervous System

The nervous system structure located as nerves exit the spine into the extremities.

Autonomic Nervous System

The system controlling glands and smooth muscle function, divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic branches.

Arteries

Blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart to body tissues.

Capillaries

Microscopic blood vessels that deliver blood directly to cells.

Veins

Blood vessels that transport blood from capillaries back to the heart.

Fascia

Fibrous connective tissue that covers, connects, or supports other body tissues.

Bursa

A fluid-filled sac that protects muscles, tendons, and ligaments as they pass over bony prominences.

Motor Unit

A motor nerve and all of the individual muscle fibers it supplies.

Human Skeletal System

Consists of 206 bones providing support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood formation.