Chemistry Combination

yellow triangle means

caution

orange diamond means

warning

red octagon means

danger

compressed gas

pic: gas cylinder

flammable

pic: flame

oxidizing material

pic: flame over circle

toxic

pic: skull and crossbones

Infectious Materials

pic: weird T exclamation point

biohazard

pic: biohazard

corrosive

pic: melting metal/hand

dangerously reactive

pic: R and glowing test tube

a sheet(s) that specifies the chemical and physical hazards of a substance

MSDS (material safety data sheet)

properties that describe the _______ appearance and composition of a substance

anything that has mass and occupies space

matter

the study of matter and how its properties change

chemistry

boiling point

physical

condensation point

physical

ability to be beaten or rolled into sheets without crumbling

malleability

ductility

ability to be stretched without breaking

conductivity is a ______ property

physical

magnetism is a ______ property

physical

chemical properties describe the ______ of a substance

reactivity

all particles are identical in a

pure substance

a pure substance that cannot be broken down, made up of only one atom

element

a chemical combination of two or more elements in a specific ratio

compounds

a combination of pure substances

mixtures

mixture in which different substances are NOT visible

homogeneous

mixture in which different substances ARE visible

heterogeneous

all chemical reactions share certain characteristics. these include:

energy change, odour change, colour change, formation of a gas, formation of a precipitate in a solution

Common techniques with food

heating, canning, freezing, salting, fermentation

the science of producing and using metals

metallurgy

a metal that was initially used to make tools and weapons, but had a lot of issues

copper

heating a metal before hammering it to make it stronger

annealing

utilizing the physical properties of different materials to separate things from other things by melting

smelting

a mixture of two metals

alloys

smelted tin + copper ore =

bronze

who believed matter was made of the Avatar elements (A)

Aristotle

who proposed that mater was made up of tiny particles that cannot be divided, CALLED THEM ATOMOS

Democritus

a combination of science and magic

alchemy

who discovered that particles group together to make new things

robert boyle

the law of conservation of mass

that mass is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions, and that the total mass of reactants in chemical reaction equal the total mass of the products

Who discovered the law of conservation of mass

Antoine Lavoisier

who made the small sphere/billiard ball model of the atom?

John Dalton

who made the chocolate chip cookie model and DISCOVERED ELECTRONS?

J.J. Thomson

who made the solar system model and differentiated the nucleus and put the electrons in space?

ernest rutherford

who coined the energy levels (he has an annoying diagram)

niels bohr

who discovered electron clouds/the quantum mechanical model

de Broglie/schrodinger

the horizontal rows of elements, also refers to the number of occupied energy levels

periods

the vertical columns. this number of valence electrons in the outer energy level

goups

metals always become what when ionized?

cations

non-metals always become what when ionized?

anions

atoms of the same element that differ in atomic mass because of a varying number of ______ in the nucleus

neutrons

important groups/families of the periodic table

akali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, noble gases, representative elements, transitional elements

group 1 elements, react violently with water, getting worse as u move down

akali metals

group 2 elements, oxidize when exposed to air

alkaline earth metals

group 17 elements, extremely reactive, get worse as u move up

halogens

group 18 elements, extremely low reactivity

noble gases

groups 1,2,12-18, best represent periodic law

representative elements

groups 3-12, wild cards

transitional elements

_____ __________ are formed when a metal combines with a non-metal

ionic compounds

all metals ___ their valence electrons when entering an ionic compound

lose

all non-metals ___ electrons when entering an ionic compound

gain

the bonds in ionic compounds are very strong leading to very high _______ and _______ ____

melting and boiling points

what holds ionic compounds together

electrostatic attraction

when ions group together they form a _____ _____

crystal lattice

the simplest whole number ratio of an ionic compound

formula unit

ionic compounds always form _____ at room temperature

solids

1=

l

2=

ll

3=

lll

4=

lV

5=

V

6=

Vl

7=

Vll

8=

Vlll

9=

lX

10=

X

molecular compounds differ from ionic because they “_____” their electrons

share

the sharing of electrons is called a ______ or ______ bond

covalent or molecular

when two identical non-metal atoms share electrons with each other (two atoms of the same non-metal element sharing with each other)

diatomic MOLECULES

when more than two identical non-metal atoms share electrons

polyatomic MOLECULES

molecular compounds can be ____s, _____s, or ____s at room temp

solids, liquid, or gas

molecular compounds ____ ____ conductive solutions

do not form

diatomic elements key

HOFBrINCl

diatomic elements

hydrogen, oxygen, fluorine, bromine, iodine, nitrogen, chlorine

key for polyatomic elements

POS

polyatomic elements

phosphorus, oxygen, sulfur

common molecular compounds

water, hydrogen peroxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methanol, ethanol, carbon dioxide, glucose, sucrose, methane, propane, octane, carbon monoxide

H2O (l)

water

H2O2 (l)

NH3 (g)

ammonia

H2S (g)

hydrogen sulfide

CH3OH (l) one of the alcohols

methanol

C2H5OH (l) one of the alcohols

ethanol

CO2

carbon dioxide

C6H12O6 (s)

glucose

C12H22O11 (s)

sucrose

CH4 (g) one of the fuels

methane

C3H8 (g) one of the fuels

propane

C8H18 (l) one of the fuels

octane