VM1 anatomy E1

dorsal

toward the back

ventral

toward belly

rostral

can also be used as “cranial” toward nose

caudal

toward tail

median plane

plane that divides animal into equal left and right halves

ipsilateral

referring to structures on the same side of the body

contralateral

referring to structures on opposite sides of body

medial

direction toward median plane

lateral

direction away from median plane or midline of body

sagital

plane that divides body into unequal left and right portions

dorsal plane

divides body into dorsal and ventral halves

transverse plane

divides body into cranial and caudal sections

adduction

limb moves toward median plane

abduction

limb moves away from median plane

circumduction

movement of a limb in a circular fashion, combining flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction

muscle, epithelial, connective, nervous

four tissue types

epithelium

covers, lines, secretes, absorbs

connective tissue

structural support tissue

muscle tisssue

tissue that contracts to produce movement

nervous tissue

tissue that integrates sensory information with motor outcomes

light microscopy (LM)

photons interacting with tissue components to create magnified image

electron microscopy (EM)

electrons interacting with tissue components to create a magnified image ; higher resolution than LM

transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

shows internal structure of a cell ; electrons are transmitted through slices of tissue

scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

shows external (surface) of cell ; electrons bounce off tissue creating a 3D image

basophilic stain

a dye that binds to acidic structures but is attracted to basic components of cells ; appear blue or purple

acidophilic

stain that binds to basic structures but is attracted to acidic components ; appear pink, red, or orange

periodic acid schiff (PAS)

stains carbohydrates magenta or purple

silver

stains reticular fibers black

trichrome

stains collagen fibers blue or green

orcein

stains elastic fibers reddish brown

nuclear envelope (nucleus, DNA), and cytoplasm (cytoskeleton, matrix)

what two basic parts of the cell does the plasma membrane surround

unit membrane

selective barrier around cells and some organelles ; appears trilaminar under TEM

E-face

outer layer of plasma membrane that faces extracellular environment

p-face

inner layer of plasma membrane that faces cytoplasm

diffusion

gradient dependent; passive

membrane transport

requires membrane transport proteins ; may be active or passive

vesicular transport

transportation of material into or out of cell by membrane bound vesicles ; active transport

exocytosis

release of material out of cell via vesicular transport ; material is packaged in secretory vesicles by golgi and transported to plasma membrane

endocytosis

uptake of material; via vesicular transport

regulated secretion

method of exocytosis where vesicles congregate near plasma membrane, have secretory granules, condense secretions, and have a signaled release into extracellular space

constitutive secretion

method of exocytosis where there is continuous secretion, no accumulation of secretory vesicles, no signaling required

pinocytosis

type of endocytosis that is a generalized type of absorption ; water and small dissolved solutes ; forms caveolae to fuse with lysosomes for processing ; aids in membrane trafficking ; endothelial cells lining capillaries

phagocytosis

type of endocytosis involved in engulfing larger particles

1. pseudopodia surround the material

2. phagosomes are formed

3. lysosomes degrade material

nucleus

nuclear pores on the nuclear envelope contain chromatin (DNA) whereas nucleus contains rRNA

euchromatin

uncoiled, active DNA that is more electron lucent

heterochromatin

coiled, inactive DNA that is more electron dense

polyribososmes

free ribosomes ; create cytoplasmic proteins

ER-bound ribosomes

create membrane and secretory proteins

rough endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes stuck to outside of it ; interconnected, flattened membranous sacs for protein synthesis

golgi apparatus

interconnected flattened sacs where proteins from rER are processed, sorted, and packaged

cis face

face of golgi that faces rER

trans face

face of golgi that faces plasma membrane

lysosomes

digestive compartments ; spherical and membrane-enclosed ; varying electron densities ; contain enzymes that degrade lysosomal contents

autophagosomes

endocytotic vesicles

phagosomes - in specialized cells

lysosomes fuse with…

mitochondria

chemical energy conversion ; site of ATP synthesis ; 2 unit membranes (outer - smooth, and inner - folded)

cristae

extend into the matrix as broad flattened folds of inner membrane

vesicular mitochondria

steroid hormone producing cells

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

no ribosomes attached, interconnected membrane-enclosed tubules ; abundant in cells that detoxify, and secrete steroid hormones

actin

thin filament proteins that help anchor cells to each other ; form structural core of microvilli

intermediate filaments

cell-to-cell adhesion ; high tensile strength

microtubules

largest cytoskeletal component ; provide rigid structure to cell shape

epithelium

type of tissue that covers, lines, secretes, and absorbs ; avascular ; exhibit polarity

connective tissue

type of tissue used for structural support

muscle tissue

tissue type that contracts to produce movement

nervous tissue

tissue type that integrates sensory information with motor outcomes

epithelial cells

cells that are closely packed together and attached basally to basement membrane ; face lumen (outside world)

domains of epithelial cells

apical, lateral, basal (borders basement membrane ; related to connective tissue)

apical domain

domain of epithelial cell that faces lumen ; define function of epithelial cell ; contain microvilli for absorption and cilia for movement

microvili

absorption factor of apical domain of epithelial cell ; extend lumen to increase surface area

cilia

motion factor of apical domain of epithelial cell ; contain microtubules ; locked into cell by basal body

microtubules

contain 9 peripheral doublets and 2 central singlets ; basal bodies are developed from the 9+2 arrangement

lateral domain

domain of epithelial cell that forms a selective barrier ; adherence ; cell-to-cell communication ; surfaces show infoldings prominent in cells engaged in fluid transport to increase lateral surface area

junctional complex - lateral domain

zonula occludens

zonula adherens

macula adherents (desmosomes)

zonula occludens

most apical part of junctional complex that forms protective barrier between epithelial cells ; separates luminal space from intercellular space ; freeze fracture

free fracture

technique used to study membrane structures by separating bilayers to reveal protein and lipid distribution ; exposes location where two cells connect

zona adherence

part of junctional complex that aids in cell-to-cell adhesion ; cells do not contact each other ; supported by actin ; spanned by integral membrane proteins

macula adherens

desmosomes ; cell-to-cell adhesion ; contain attachment plaques and linking proteins

gap junctions

not part of junctional complex ; communicating junctions ; cells approach each other but have a gap ; direct passage of signaling molecules from one cell to another ; found in tissues that accomplish coordinated functions (cardiac cells, neurons)

connexon

creates channel through membrane ; when one from cell A lines up with one from cell B it forms a gap junction

substances in extracellular space cannot enter this ; substances in this cannot leak into intracellular space

basal domain

the surface of an epithelial cell that is attached to the underlying basement membrane; involved in adhesion and communication with the extracellular matrix

basement membrane

basal lamina (thin black line) + reticular lamina (large space)

hemidesmosome

½ of a desmosome

focal adhesions

associated with actin filaments important for mechanoreception

squamus

cubodial

columnar

stratified epithelium

a type of epithelial tissue consisting of multiple layers of cells

non-keratinized

epithelium that remains moist and does not have a layer of keratin, often found in areas like the oral cavity and esophagus. ; alive cells

keratinized

a type of epithelial tissue characterized by a layer of cells that are filled with keratin, providing protection and moisture resistance ; dead ; toughest - makes up most of skin