Energy and Metabolism

What is a chemical reaction in cells of terms of metabolism?

the formation or breakdown of

complex molecules

A cells metabolism is-

all the chemical reactions that happen

inside cells

The breakdown of glucose does what to ATP?

Makes USABLE ATP

The synthesis of glucose does what to ATP?

Uses ATP (requiring energy input) to store energy in glucose

2 types of metabolic pathways

anabolic and catabolic

What is an anabolic pathway

Requires an input of energy to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones, requires ATP, ex. nucleic acids to DNA

What is a catabolic pathway

the breaking down of complex molecules into simpler ones, makes ATP, ex. complex proteins into amino acids

Bioenergetics

the study of energy flow through living

systems (including cells!)

Energy in terms of bioenergetics is the

ability to do work

What are the three types of energy

Kinetic, potential, and chemical

What is Kinetic Energy

energy resulting from objects being in

motion

What is potential energy

the potential of an object to do work

What is chemical energy

Potential energy that exists within chemical

bonds that is released when the bonds break

What is the law of thermodynamics?

the study of energy and energy

transfer involving physical matter

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

“Law of Conservation of Energy”; energy cannot be

created or destroyed

What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics?

Every energy transfer involves some loss of

energy in an unusable form (mostly as heat), resulting in a

more disordered system

The more energy that a system loses to its surroundings the less ordered and more random the system is means

increased entropy

What is entropy?

The measure or randomness or disorder within a system

What is Free Energy Gibbs G

A measure of how much energy is available to do work

(usable energy)

What is the free energy equation and what do the variables stand for

Delta G= Delta H - T Delta S

Delta G=Useable Energy

Delta H=Total Energy

T Delta S= Unusable Energy

What is Enthalpy

Total Energy

What is an Exergonic Reaction

a reaction that has a negative ΔG,

decreases free energy, and increases entropy; spontaneous

reactions

What is an Endergonic Reaction

a reaction that has a positive ΔG,

increases free energy, and decreases entropy; non-

spontaneous reactions

Chemical Work

Creation of complex molecules from simpler ones

Mechanical Work

Movement of organisms and cells

Transport Work

Uptake and removal of nutrients, cellular components, and ion concentration

What is ATP composed of?

3 Phosphate, Adenine, Pentose sugar

Reactants and products for the breakdown of ATP

ATP + H20 —> ADP + Pi + Free Energy (HYDROLYSIS)

Reactants and Products for the synthesis of ATP

ADP + Pi + Free Energy= ATP + H20 (DEHYDRAYION SYNTHESIS)

ATP causes what type of process to continue happening over and over

Energy coupling- process of exergonic reactions helping fuel endergonic reaction with free energy

What type of pump is an example of energy coupling

Sodium Potassium pump

What is a catalyst

Substance that helps a chemical reaction occur

What is an enzyme

Special molecules that act as catalysts for biochemical reactions

What is the primary function of enzymes

Helps speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy

Majority of enzymes are what macromolecule

Proteins

What is activation energy

Initial input of energy to start a chemical reaction

What is the transition state when dealing with activation energy and chemical reactions

Intermediate state where old bonds are broken and new ones are formed

The higher the activation energy means what

The reaction will be slower

What is the active site

The location of the enzyme where the substrate binds

What is a substrate

The chemical reactants to which an enzyme bind

Enzymes are specifically crafted for their substrates, what is this called

enzyme specificity

Enzymes are affected by what two characteristics

Temperature and pH

What does denature mean

Process that changes an enzymes natural properties and can prevent substrate binding

Allosteric Regulation

Any control molecule that binds to a enzyme away from the active site

Allosteric Inhibition

Inhibitor molecules binding to a location that changes the active site, preventing binding

Feedback inhibition

Reaction product regulates its further production

Allosteric Activation

Activator molecules bind somewhere on substrate, changing its shape, and promoting binding

Competitive Inhibition

Inhibitor molecules bind to active site, blocking substrate binding

2 Enzyme helper molecules

Cofactors and Coenzymes

What are cofactors?

Enzyme helpers that are inorganic like iron and magnesium

What are coenzymes?

Enzyme helpers that are organic like with carbon and hydrogen as their base

Helper molecules can bond with all 3 types of bonds, what are they and there strength levels?

Hydrogen- Weak, Temporary

Ionic- Weak, Temporary

Covalent- Strong, Permanent

Most common source of coenzymes?

Vitamins

Oxidation does what to electrons?

Takes away an electron

Reduction does what?

Adds an electron

What is a reducing agent?

A compound that reduces another-gives the molecule the electron

What is an oxidizing agent?

A compound that takes away from another-takes away the electron from the molecule

What process breaks apart molecules by adding water?

Hydrolysis

What process forms molecules by releasing a water?

Dehydration synthesis

What is chemiosmosis?

The process of ATP production in cellular metabolism

What is cellular respiration?

Process by which living cells obtain energy from organic molecules

What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration?

Glycolysis-Anerobic/Cytoplasm

Breakdown Pyruvate/Citric Acid Cycle-Aerobic/Mitochondrial Matrix

Oxidative Phosphorylation/Chemiosmosis-Aerobic/Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

What two transport processes does glycolysis involve?

Secondary active transport and facilitated diffusion by GLUT (glucose transporters

What goes into Glycolysis and what comes out?

Goes in-Glucose/2 atp come out

Comes out- 4 atp/ 2 NADH

Products- 2 ATP/2 NADH/ 2 Pyruvate

What goes into the pyruvate breakdown and what comes out?

Goes in- 2 Pyruvate

Comes out- 2 NADH/ 2 CO2/ 2 Acetly CoA

What goes into the Citric Acid Cycle and what comes out?

Goes in- 2 Acetyl CoA

Comes out- 4 CO2/ 2 ATP/ 6 NADH/ 2 FADH2

What goes into Oxidative Phosphorylation and what comes out?

Goes in- NADH/ FADH2

Comes out- H20/ H+ Chemical gradient

What is Oxidative Phosphorylation?

The production of ATP using chemiosmosis and oxygen

What is the ETC?

A series of redox reactions where electrons are passed from one component to the next

What is Chemiosmosis?

A process of ATP production used to generate 90% of the ATP made during glucose catabolism

What is the NET for Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorlyation?

Glycolysis- 2 NET ATP

CAC- 2 NET ATP

Oxidative Phophorlyation- 26 NET ATP

30 NET ATP

What are the 2 types of anerobic cellular respirations?

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Alcohol Fermentation