Bio Exam 2

hyphae

Tiny, tubular threads that grow and branch out to form the main body of the fungus

Mycelium

 the root-like, vegetative part of a fungus made up of a mass of branching, thread-like structures called hyphae

Haustorium

allows unique fungi to penetrate tissues of their host, a specialized rootlike or branchlike structure that parasitic plants and fungi use to penetrate a host's tissue and absorb water and nutrients, strictly eukaryotic structures

Mycorrhizae

mutually beneficial partnerships between soil fungi and plant roots

Arbuscule

a branched, tree-like fungal structure that forms inside the root cells of most land plants during a mutually beneficial partnership

Ascomycota

commonly known as sac fungi, is the largest phylum of kingdom fungi containing over 64,000 described species

Basidiomycota

a major phylum of fungi, commonly known as club fungi and includes mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, rusts, smuts, and certain yeasts

Basidiocarp

a large sporophore, or fruiting body, in which sexually produced spores are formed on the surface of club-shaped structures

basidium

microscopic, club-shaped cell located on that structure where sexual spores are produced

basidiospore

a reproductive, sexual spore produced by fungi in the phylum typically borne on a club-shaped organ called a basidium, They are produced following cell fusion (karyogamy) and cell division (meiosis) inside the basidium.

basidiocarp gills

the thin flat, sheet like membranes on the underside of a mushroom cap that hold reproductive cells and release spores

basidiocarp cap

The expanded top portion that protects the spore-bearing surface underneath

basidiocarp stipe

the stalk or the stem

mating type positive and negative

the fundamental cellular identities that allow simple organisms like fungi, algae, and protozoa to undergo sexual reproduction without having distinct male and female sexes

dikaryotic (n+n)

a unique biological state found almost exclusively in fungi where a single cell contains two separate, genetically distinct nuclei that do not fuse right away

plasmogamy

the fusion of the cytoplasm and cell contents of two parent cells without the fusion of their nuclei

karyogamy

the final step in sexual reproduction where two haploid cell nuclei fuse together to form a single diploid nucleus

lichen

a tiny living thing made from a fungus and an alga working together

Moss

photoautotrophic plants, small non-vascular plants that absorb water and nutrients directly through their leaves and reproduce via spores

gametophyte

the haploid phase in a plant or algae’s life that produces sex cells so organism can reproduce

sporophyte

nonsexual diploid phase in lifecycle of planst and algae where plant body grows and produces spores through meiosis

sporangium

a specialized structure or enclosure in plants that produces and stores spores

stomata

are microscopic pores or openings found primarily on the undersides of plant leaves and stems that control gas exchange and water movement.

Fern/Homosporous

a plant produces only one single type of spore that is uniform in shape and size, photoautotropic plants, stomata, a1-4, plastic, chlorophyll a & b, cellulose

gametophyte antheridium

the male reproductive organ that produces and holds sperm cells in non-flowering plants, algae, and some fungi, A haploid

gametohpyte archegonium

the female reproductive organ in ferns and mosses, A flask-shaped structure, it consists of a neck, with one or more layers of cells, and a swollen base—the venter—which contains the egg.

sporophyte sporangium

diploid parent tissues that produce haploid spores through meiosis

sporophyte stomata

: Their primary evolutionary job is desiccation (drying out). As the sporophyte capsule matures, these stomata allow water to escape so the capsule can dry up, crack open (dehiscence), and release its haploid spores into the wind, non

Roots

anchors the plant, absorbs minerals, stores organic nutrients

stems

nodes where leaves attach internodes, axillary buds that have potential to form a branch, apical buds located at the shoot tip and causes elongation of a young shoot

leaves

main photosynthetic organ of most plants, consists of blade, petiole which joins leaf to node of stem, simple and compound

diplobiontic

life cycle where an organism has two distinct, multicellular phases or generations

heteromorphic

a situation where two related life stages, generations, or structures within the same species look completely different from one another.

homospory

plant produces only one single type of asexual spore that is identical in size and shape

heterospory

the production of two different types and sizes of spores by a single plant. a plant divides the labor into male and female roles:

• Microspores: These are small spores that develop into the male part of the plant (which produces sperm).

• Megaspores: These are large spores that develop into the female part of the plant (which produces eggs).

Multicellular gametangia 

specialized reproductive organs in plants, algae, and fungi that produce haploid gametes (sperm and eggs) through mitosis

1. Phragmoplast

a specialized plant structure that forms during late cell division to build a new cell wall between two daughter cells

embryo

the early developmental stage of a multicellular organism that begins just after the fertilization of an egg cell by a sperm cell

apical meristem

have the potential to remain embryonic and allow for indeterminate growth along a vertical axis, located at the tips of roots and shoots and at the axillary buds of shoots  

cuticle

a protective, waxy outer layer covering the above-ground parts of land plants like leaves, non-woody stems and fruits

sporocyte

a diploid cell in a spore-bearing plants and algae that undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid spores is also known as a spore mother cell

gametes

reproductive cells responsible for the creation of offspring in various organisms,

meiosis

a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells

1. Fertilization streptophyta 

the biological process where two haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid (2n) zygote within the monophyletic group that encompasses all land plants and their closest freshwater green algal relatives

Viridiplantae

a major biological clade of photosynthetic eukaryotes that includes green algae and land plants

1. angiosperm/heterosporous 

a flowering, fruit bearing seed plant that produces seeds enclosed within an ovary

sepals

a modified, leaf-like part of a flowering plant that forms the outermost layer of a flower and protects the bud before it opens

stamens

the male reproductive part of a flowering plant that produces pollen

carpels

the female reproductive organ of a flowering plant that produces and protects the ovules

stigma

sticky top part of a flower’s female reproductive organ that catches pollen

style

the long slender stalk that connects the flower’s stigma to the ovary

ovule

the small plant structure inside a flower’s ovary that develops into a seed after fertilization

integument

protective outer layer of tissue that surrounds the ovule

micropyle

a tiny opening in the outer covering of a plant’s ovule

megasporocyte

a large diploid cell in a flower’s ovule that divides to help form the female gametophyte

megasporangium

plant reproductive structure that produces megaspores

gametophyte

a haploid multicellular phase in life cycle of plants and algae that produces gametes for sexual reproduction

pollen grain

microscopic packets that carry male genetic material of seed-producing plants

generative cell

a reproductive cell inside a plant gametophyte that divides to form sperm cells

polar cells

a large cell in the middle of a female gametophyte or flowering plants

monocot

flowering group whose seeds contain a single embryoic leaf

cotyledon

an embryonic seed leaf inside a plant’s seed that provides essential nutrition during germination

actostele

a type of plant stem structure where the vascular bundles are scattered randomly throughout the ground tissue rather than arranged in a neat ring

trimerous

having body parts in a floral organs arranged in groups or multiples of three

dicot

seed has two cotyledons, petals or sepals typically occur in four or five

two cotyledons

plant embryo with two seed leaves

eustele

a plant stem or root anatomy where the vascular tissue consists of discrete vascular bundles arranged in one or more rings around a central pith, only for dicot plants

Tertramerous or Pentamerous 

describe number of parts in each ring or whorl (plants or sepals) tri -3, tertra- 4, penta - 5

root hairs

tiny tubular outgrowths of a plants epidermal cells that dramatically increase the surface area available for absorbing water and minerals

node

critical points on a plant’s stem where leaves, branches, flowers, and aerial roots attach and originate

internode

the section of a plant located between successive nodes

axillary bud

an embryonic shoot located at the junction where a leaf meets the plant stem

apical bud

the primary growing point located at the very tip (apex) of a plant’s main stem

leaf blade

broad, flat, expanded green section of a plant leaf

petiole

small stalk that attaches a lead blade to the main stem/ branch/ node of a plant

simple leaf

single, undivded blade that connects directly to a plant’s stem by a stalk called a petiole

compound leaf

a single leaf whose main blade is divided into smaller plants called leaflets

vascular cambium

generates secondary xylem and phloem, actively dividing plant cells that causes stems and roots to grow thicker, acts a lateral meristem, grows sideways or radial growth rather than vertical growth

cork cambium

tissue layer in woody plants that produces protective cork cells as the plant grows wider, aka phellogen, meristemic tissue

longitudinal section

microscopic cut made parallel to the long axis of a plant organ, such as a stem, root, or a leaf, slices plant top to bottom

cross section

microscopic cut made perpendicular to the long axis of a plant organ

epidermis

single outermost layer of cells that covers leaves, stems, roots, flowers, acting as a protective boundary against the plant and the outside world

cortex

outer layer of tissue in a stem or root, lies inside epidermis and outside vascular bundles

vascular cylinder

central core of a plant’s root or stem that contains tissues responsible for transporting water, minerals and food, holds internal plumbing system of a plant: xylem, phloem, pericycle

pericycle

thin layer of plant tissue located just inside of endodermis and on the outer edge of the vascular cylinder in roots and stems, layer of cells surrounding the vascular cylinder in plants

lateral roots

branches that grow from a plant's main root system. They develop from the pericycle, a layer of cells within the root, and push through the outer tissues to emerge. This branching is crucial for anchoring the plant and increasing its ability to absorb water and nutrients from the soil. arise from internal root tissue

endodermis

the innermost layer in a plant’s cortex that acts as a strict filter between the soil water and the central transport tubes