CNA 4 test

Anatomical Order

Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ systems

CAUTION- Cancer warning signs

• C – Change in bowel/bladder habits

• A – A sore that doesn't heal

• U – Unusual bleeding/discharge

• T – Thickening or lump

• I – Indigestion or difficulty swallowing

• O – Obvious change in wart/mole

• N – Nagging cough/hoarseness

Cerebrum

Divided into left and right hemisphere

Central Nervous System

Brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System

Includes nerves that travel throughout the body

Osteoporosis

Weak, brittle bones

Osteoarthritis

Degenerative joint disease

may occur with aging

wear and tear of joints

Rheumatoid Arthritis

affects any age

starts with small then larger joints

Most common pressure injury?

Sacrum

Stage 1 pressure injury

Intact skin; redness over bony prominence

Stage 2 pressure injury

skin loss; may see a blister or shallow reddish pink ulcer; could be intact or open

Stage 3 pressure injury

skin loss; skin gone; may see subcutaneous fat

could be white,yellow, green, or tan

Stage 4 pressure injury

full tissue loss with muscle, tendon, and bone exposure

may be black or brown

Changes due to againg- skin

reduced circulation to skin, leading to dryness and itching

Skin becomes thinner, drier, less elastic, and heals more slowly.

Metastsis

the spread of cancer cells from the place where they first formed to other parts of the body

Epithelial Tissue

Covers internal and external body surfaces; lines nose, mout etc

What is the purpose of the skin

Protects the body, prevents water loss, regulates temperature, and helps prevent infection.

How does skin protect you?

It acts as a barrier against injury, germs, and water loss.

Where are decubitus ulcers most likely to occur?

bony areas such as the sacrum, hips, heels, elbows, and ankles.

decubitus ulcer

pressure injury caused by prolonged pressure on the skin.

What are characteristics of tissue that is breaking down?

Redness, warmth, swelling, tenderness, blistering, or an open area.

objective information

Information that can be seen, measured, heard, or observed.

subjective information

Information reported by the resident about how they feel.

What skin observations should be reported to the nurse immediately?

Open areas, severe redness, drainage, bleeding, or signs of infection.

voluntary muscles

Muscles that you can consciously control.

purpose of the musculoskeletal system?

It supports, protects, and allows movement of the body.

What can cause changes in the musculoskeletal system?

Aging, inactivity, injury, disease, and poor nutrition

abduction

Movement away from the body's midline.

adduction

Movement toward the body's midline.

phantom pain

Pain felt in a body part that has been amputated.

contracture

Permanent tightening or shortening of a muscle or joint.

Muscle Atrophy

Weakening or shrinking of muscles.

main components of the nervous system?

Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

What are the main roles of the left side of the brain?

movement to right side of body

Language, logic, math, and analytical thinking.

What are the main roles of the right side of the brain?

Spatial awareness, creativity, emotions, and recognizing patterns.

controls left side of brain

What can problems seeing blue and green indicate?

A color-vision problem.

blue-yellow color vision deficiency (such as tritanopia or tritanomaly)

What are symptoms of nervous system damage?

Weakness, numbness, confusion, dizziness, seizures, speech problems, or balance problems.

How should a NA care for a resident with left-sided weakness?

Put clothing on the left (weak)

Remove clothing from the right (strong

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

circulates blood, oxygen, nutrients, and wastes throughout the body.

Congestive heart failure (CHF)

Shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling, coughing, and rapid weight gain

How can a NA care for a resident with CHF?

Follow diet/fluid restrictions, monitor for swelling and weight changes, position for breathing, and report changes

atherosclerosis

Hardening and narrowing of the arteries.

angina

Chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart.

bradycardia

abnormally slow heart rate

MI

Myocardial infarction, or heart attack.

edema

Swelling caused by excess fluid in the tissues.

How does the respiratory system change with age?

Lung capacity decreases, lungs become less elastic, and breathing muscles weaken.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD

a progressive lung disease that blocks airflow and makes breathing difficult

Pursed-lip breathing

Forward leaning

dyspnea

Difficult or uncomfortable breathing.

SOB

Shortness of breath.

asthma

A condition where the airways become inflamed and narrowed, making breathing difficult.

pneumonia

An infection and inflammation of the lungs.

cough with phlegm, chest pain, fever, and shortness of breath

emphysema

disease that damages the air sacs in the lungs.

main structures of the GI system

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus

organs help with digestion

Liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

normal GI findings

Soft, non-tender abdomen and regular bowel movements.

abnormal GI findings

Severe pain, swelling, vomiting, blood in stool, diarrhea, or constipation.

constipation

Difficult or infrequent passage of hard stool.

urinary system

Removes waste from the blood and helps regulate fluids and electrolytes.

main organs of the urinary system

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

characteristics of normal urine

Clear, pale yellow, and mild-smelling.

1000-1500 ml of urine

How does aging affect the urinary system?

Kidney function and bladder capacity decrease, increasing the risk of UTIs and incontinence.

UTI

Urinary tract infection.

ureter

A tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder.

urethra

A tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body.

cystitis

Inflammation or infection of the bladder.

hematuria

Blood in the urine.

How does aging affect the reproductive system?

Hormone levels decrease and reproductive organs undergo changes.

common reproductive disorders in older adults?

Cystocele, uterine prolapse, prostate problems, infections, and reproductive cancers.

menopause

The permanent end of menstrual periods.

cystocele

When the bladder bulges into the vagina.

uterine prolapse

When the uterus drops downward into or through the vagina.

STD

Sexually transmitted disease.

endocrine system

It produces hormones that regulate body functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, and stress.

Type 1 diabetes

The body produces little or no insulin and usually requires insulin treatment.

childhood

Type 2 diabetes

The body does not use insulin effectively and may eventually produce less insulin.

AIDS

Advanced HIV infection that severely weakens the immune system.

lupus

autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks healthy tissues.

Graves' disease

autoimmune disorder that causes an overactive thyroid.

immune system attacks thyroid

polymyalgia rheumatica

inflammatory condition causing pain and stiffness, especially around the shoulders and hips.

progesterone

hormone that helps regulate the menstrual cycle and supports pregnancy.

adrenaline

hormone that helps the body respond to stress or danger.

Ulcerative Colitis

inflammatory disease of large intestine

can result to colostomy

hypoglycemia

Sweating and clamminess

Hunger and irritability

condition where blood sugar (glucose) drops below normal levels

hyperglycemia

high blood sugar that occurs when the body lacks enough insulin or cannot use insulin properly

Frequent urination and intense thirst

chronic bronchitis

type of COPD

a long-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes (airways) that causes a daily productive cough and mucus buildup for at least three months a year for two years in a row

emphysema

a progressive chronic lung disease where the tiny air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) are damaged and ruptured, trapping air and making it hard to breathe

Type of COPD

Right Side of heart

The right side sends blood to the lungs

Left side of heart

The left side sends blood to the rest of the body

Benign tumors

non-cancerous and stay in one place

Malignant Tumor

Cancerous and spreads throughout the body

Where to dress patient

On weak side first