lab 7 - exercise 37

aerobic exercise

increases heart and breathing rates at moderate levels for extended periods of time AND do not deplete the level of oxygen consumption by the tissues of the body

anaerobic exercises

result in the consumption of available oxygen faster than it can be supplied by body tissue

• uses glucose anaerobically and produces lactic acid

what is the basis of oxygen diffusion in muscles?

concentration gradient AND pre capillary sphincters of the circulatory system open and the arterioles dilate (providing greater blood flow to the muscles)

what occurs in the heart in response to increased blood flow demand?

increase stroke volume, heart size, and pulse rate (decreases with long term vigorous exercise)

what occurs in the lungs in response to increased blood flow demand?

increased volume per breather, greater number of breaths, lung capillaries dilate

forced expiratory vital capacity (fev)

amount of air expelled from the lungs in 1 second

when compared to viral capacity, how is fev expressed?

FEV1/VC%

how should the fev be in a healthy adult?

75% of vital capacity

what are decreases in fev caused by?

asthma, emphysema, or other pulmonary conditions

what diseases is spirometry used to measure?

asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd), and cystic fibrosis

what are most cases of copd caused by?

smoking

pulmonary obstruction

occurs when the respiratory passages are narrowed

what’s pulmonary obstruction caused by?

Asthma, excessive mucus, and inflammation such as bronchitis

what is the vital capacity of these individuals with pulmonary obstruction?

The capacity of the individual is normal, or above normal, but the FEV/VC% Is low; it takes the subject longer to exhale completely because of increased resistance in the airways

pulmonary restriction

occurs when the lungs cannot fully inspire or expire the full volume of air; the vital capacity is reduced

what is pulmonary restriction caused by?

Fibrosis of the lungs, scarring of the lung tissue, adhesions of the lung to the chest wall due to extreme emphysema, or removal of a section of lung

OR

damage to the phrenic nerve, which stimulates the diaphragm

what is the vital capacity of individuals with pulmonary restriction?

The vital capacity of the individual is low, but the FEV/VC% is normal