chemistry test gr 10 study
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67 Terms
What is a physical property?
A property that can be observed without changing the substance.
Give examples of physical properties.
Colour, density, melting point, boiling point, conductivity.
What is a chemical property?
A property that describes how a substance can chemically react.
Give examples of chemical properties.
Flammability, reactivity with oxygen, reactivity with acids.
What is a physical change?
A change that does not create a new substance.
Give examples of physical changes.
Melting, freezing, cutting, boiling, dissolving.
What is a chemical change?
A change that creates one or more new substances.
Give examples of chemical changes.
Burning, rusting, rotting, reacting with acid.
What are groups on the periodic table?
Vertical columns.
What are periods?
Horizontal rows.
What does the group number tell you?
For main-group elements, it relates to the number of valence electrons.
What happens to energy levels as you move down a group?
The number of electron shells increases.
Where are metals found?
Mostly on the left and centre of the periodic table.
Where are non-metals found?
Mostly on the right side of the periodic table.
What are properties of metals?
Shiny, malleable, ductile, good conductors, usually solid.
What are properties of non-metals?
Usually dull, brittle if solid, and poor conductors
What group are alkali metals?
Group 1.
What are alkali metals like?
Very reactive, soft metals with 1 valence electron.
What group are alkaline earth metals?
Group 2.
What are alkaline earth metals like?
Reactive metals with 2 valence electrons.
What group are halogens
Group 17.
What are halogens like
Very reactive non-metals with 7 valence electrons.
What group are noble gases?
Group 18
What are noble gases like?
Very unreactive gases with full outer shells.
What is a Bohr-Rutherford diagram?
A diagram showing the nucleus and electrons in energy levels.
What is a Lewis dot diagram?
An element symbol surrounded by dots representing valence electrons.
What are valence electrons?
Electrons in the outermost energy level.
How many valence electrons does Group 1 have?
1
How many valence electrons does Group 2 have?
2
How many valence electrons does Group 17 have?
7
How many valence electrons do noble gases usually have?
8, except helium, which has 2.
What happens when an atom becomes an ion?
It gains or loses electrons.
What is a cation?
A positively charged ion.
What is an anion?
A negatively charged ion.
How do you write an ionic formula?
Balance the charges so the total charge equals zero.
What is a polyatomic ion?
A group of atoms with an overall charge.
What is a multivalent metal?
A metal that can form ions with different charges
How do you identify a multivalent metal’s charge?
Use the Roman numeral in its name.
What is a molecular compound?
A compound made of non-metals sharing electrons
What prefixes are used for molecular compounds?
Mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, deca-.
What is an acid?
A substance that produces H⺠ions in water.
What is a base?
A substance that produces OHâ» ions in water.
What are the 7 diatomic molecules?
Hâ‚‚, Nâ‚‚, Oâ‚‚, Fâ‚‚, Clâ‚‚, Brâ‚‚, Iâ‚‚.
What is a word equation?
A reaction written using the names of substances.
What is a skeletal equation?
A reaction showing chemical formulas but not yet balanced.
What do (s), (l), (g), and (aq) mean?
Solid, liquid, gas, and aqueous/dissolved in water.
What is the Law of Conservation of Mass?
Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.
Why do we balance equations?
To have the same number of each type of atom on both sides.
What is synthesis?
A + B → AB. Two or more substances combine into one product.
What is decomposition?
AB → A + B. One compound breaks into simpler substances.
What is single displacement?
A + BC → AC + B. One element replaces another.
What is double displacement?
AB + CD → AD + CB. Two compounds exchange ions.
What is combustion?
A substance reacts with Oâ‚‚, usually producing COâ‚‚ and Hâ‚‚O.
What is incomplete combustion?
Not enough oxygen; it can produce CO and/or C plus Hâ‚‚O.
What is neutralization?
Acid + base → salt + water.
What is the pH scale?
A scale from 0–14 showing how acidic or basic a solution is.
What pH is neutral?
7
What pH is neutral?
7
What pH is acidic?
Below 7
What pH is basic?
Above 7.
What happens to H⺠as acidity increases?
H⺠concentration increases.
What happens to OHâ» as basicity increases?
OHâ» concentration increases.
Give examples of acids in everyday life.
Lemon juice, vinegar, stomach acid.
Give examples of bases in everyday life.
Soap, baking soda, some cleaners.
How much more acidic is pH 3 than pH 5?
100× more acidic.
How much more acidic is pH 2 than pH 6?
10,000× more acidic
How much more basic is pH 12 than pH 10?
100× more basic.