PASS Yr 10 Final Ultimate Study Guide

Biomechanics

The application of mechanical principles and physics to the human body and sporting implements.

Kinematics

The study of motion, focusing on spatial and temporal parameters like displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration.

Kinetics

The study of forces involved in producing, modifying, or arresting the movement of an object or body.

Linear Motion

Motion where all parts of a body travel along parallel paths in the same direction, covering identical distances at the same speed.

Curvilinear Motion

A specialized subset of linear translation where an object moves along a curved path.

Angular Motion

Motion that occurs when a body moves in an arc or circle around a fixed axis of rotation.

General Motion

The combination of concurrent linear and angular motions.

Linear Kinetics

Involves forces acting along a line, governing translatory motion.

Angular Kinetics

Involves forces acting at a distance from an axis of rotation, governing rotational motion.

Scalar Quantities

Physical quantities defined solely by their numerical size or magnitude, without directional orientation.

Vector Quantities

Physical quantities defined by both numerical magnitude and explicit directional orientation.

Displacement

A vector measure of how far an object is out of place relative to its starting point.

Distance

A scalar measure describing the total ground covered by an object throughout its path of motion.

Speed

A scalar quantity measuring how fast an object changes position.

Velocity

A vector quantity measuring the rate of change of position, defined as displacement over time.

Acceleration

The rate at which an object's velocity changes with respect to time.

Force

A vector push or pull exerted on an object that causes, alters, or arrests motion.

Momentum

A measure of motion defined as mass in motion, calculated as momentum = mass × velocity.

Impulse

The product of force applied and the time interval over which the force acts.

Newton's First Law of Motion

A body in motion stays in motion at the same speed in a straight line unless acted upon by a force.

Newton's Second Law of Motion

The rate of change of momentum is proportional to the size of the force applied.

Newton's Third Law of Motion

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Centre of Gravity (COG)

The point at which all parts of an object are equally balanced.

Line of Gravity (LOG)

Imaginary vertical line extending from the centre of gravity to the ground.

Base of Support (BOS)

The area enclosed by contact points between an object or person and a supporting surface.

Skeletal Muscle

Striated muscle attached to the skeleton, controlling voluntary movements.

Cardiac Muscle

Striated muscle found in the heart, functioning involuntarily to pump blood.

Smooth Muscle

Non-striated muscle found in internal organs, operating involuntarily.

Flexion

Bending motion that decreases the joint angle between articulating bones.

Extension

Straightening motion that increases the joint angle between articulating bones.

Isometric Contraction

Muscle generates tension with no change in muscle length.

Isotonic Contraction

Muscle develops tension while changing its length against resistance.

Isokinetic Contraction

Muscle develops constant tension throughout the range of motion.

Stroke Volume (SV)

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle during a single contraction.

Heart Rate (HR)

The frequency of cardiac ventricular contractions measured in beats per minute.

Cardiac Output (Q)

The total volume of blood pumped from the heart per minute.

Blood Pressure

The lateral force exerted by circulating blood against arterial walls.

Carbohydrates

Primary energy source that is readily oxidized for high-intensity and low-intensity efforts.

Fats

Secondary energy reserve, primarily utilized during low-intensity activities.

Proteins

Tertiary fuel source, usually serving structural functions and only utilized for energy in extreme conditions.

Energy Balance Model

The relationship between energy intake and energy expenditure.

ATP

The universal energy currency of cells, driving muscular contractions and metabolic processes.

Aerobic System

Energy system utilizing oxygen, generating ATP through the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.

Anaerobic Glycolysis

Energy system that operates without oxygen, producing ATP and lactic acid under high-intensity demands.

Phosphagen System (ATP-PC)

Immediate energy system utilizing stored phosphocreatine to rapidly resynthesize ATP during short bursts of activity.

Thermoregulation

The process of maintaining core body temperature during physical activity.