M7: 120 - Calcaneus, Foot, Toes (Rad Procedures)
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158 Terms
How many bones are in the foot?
26 bones.
How many regions is the foot divided into?
Three: forefoot, midfoot, and hindfoot.
What structures make up the forefoot?
Toes and metatarsals.
Which bones make up the midfoot?
Cuneiforms, navicular, and cuboid.
Which bones make up the hindfoot?
Talus and calcaneus.
What does dorsal mean?
Top of the foot.
What does plantar mean?
Bottom or sole of the foot.
How many phalanges are in each foot?
14 phalanges.
How many phalanges does the great toe have?
Two: proximal and distal.
How many phalanges do toes 2-5 have?
Three each: proximal, middle, and distal.
How many interphalangeal (IP) joints are in the foot?
Nine.
What does IP stand for?
Interphalangeal.
What does DIP stand for?
Distal interphalangeal.
What does PIP stand for?
Proximal interphalangeal.
What does MTP stand for?
Metatarsophalangeal.
How many metatarsals are in each foot?
Five.
What portion of the foot do the metatarsals form?
The middle portion of the foot.
What are the three parts of each metatarsal?
Base, body, and head.
Which metatarsal base is a common fracture location?
The base of the fifth metatarsal.
What should be visible on the medial oblique foot projection?
The tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal.
What is the base of the second toe also called?
The second MTP joint.
How many tarsal bones are in each foot?
Seven.
Name the seven tarsal bones.
Talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, and medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms.
What is the order of the cuneiforms from medial to lateral?
Medial, intermediate, lateral.
Which tarsal bone is the largest and strongest?
Calcaneus.
Which tarsal bone is the second largest?
Talus.
Which tarsal bone is the highest positioned?
Talus.
Which bones does the talus articulate with?
Calcaneus, navicular, tibia, and fibula.
Where is the calcaneal sulcus located?
Between the middle and posterior facets.
Which joints are identified as gliding joints in the chapter material?
Talocalcaneal and intermetatarsal joints.
What does the ankle mortise refer to?
The ankle joint, also called the mortise joint.
What is the standard SID for lower-extremity imaging?
102 cm (40 inches).
What SID is used for weight-bearing foot projections?
122 cm (48 inches).
What is the common collimation measurement to remember?
2.5 cm (1 inch).
Where is the CR centered for an AP foot?
Base of the third metatarsal.
How is the plantar surface positioned for an AP foot?
Against the IR.
How should the long axis of the foot be positioned for an AP foot?
Parallel to the IR.
What anatomy must be included on an AP foot?
The entire foot, from toes through tarsals.
What spacing should be seen between the second through fifth metatarsals on an AP foot?
Equal spacing.
What should be seen at the metatarsal bases on an AP foot?
Appropriate overlap.
What is the CR angle for an AP axial foot?
10° posterior.
Where is the CR centered for an AP axial foot?
Base of the third metatarsal.
What anatomy must be included on an AP axial foot?
The entire foot.
What is the foot rotation for an AP medial oblique foot?
Approximately 30° medial.
Where is the CR centered for an AP oblique foot?
Base of the third metatarsal.
Which joints are demonstrated on a medial oblique foot?
Lateral tarsal and tarsometatarsal (TMT) joints.
Which articulation is demonstrated on a medial oblique foot?
Cuboid-calcaneus articulation.
Which metatarsals should be free of superimposition on a medial oblique foot?
Third through fifth metatarsals.
Which metatarsal tuberosity should be visible on a medial oblique foot?
Fifth metatarsal tuberosity.
What should be demonstrated by the medial oblique foot projection?
Lateral TMT and intertarsal joints.
Why is medial oblique foot preferred over lateral oblique foot?
The metatarsal plane is more parallel to the IR, and lateral midfoot/hindfoot joints are better demonstrated.
How much is the foot rotated for a lateral oblique foot?
Approximately 30° laterally.
Where is the CR centered for a lateral oblique foot?
Base of the third metatarsal.
Which metatarsals should be free of superimposition on a lateral oblique foot?
First and second metatarsals.
How should the long axis of the foot be positioned for a lateral foot?
Parallel to the IR.
How much should the foot be dorsiflexed for a lateral foot?
90° from the leg.
Where is the CR centered for a lateral foot?
Base of the third metatarsal.
What anatomy must be included on a lateral foot?
Entire foot and distal leg.
What should be superimposed on a lateral foot?
Plantar surfaces of the metatarsal heads.
What is the purpose of weight-bearing foot projections?
To compare tarsals and metatarsals under weight-bearing conditions.
What is the optimal angle for the AP axial weight-bearing foot?
10° toward the heel.
What is the minimum angle usually needed for clearance on an AP axial weight-bearing foot?
15°.
Where is the CR centered for the AP axial weight-bearing foot?
Between the feet at the base of the third metatarsal.
How is each foot positioned for a lateral weight-bearing foot?
One foot on each side of the IR.
Where is the IR centered for a lateral weight-bearing foot?
At the base of the third metatarsal.
What is the CR direction for a lateral weight-bearing foot?
Perpendicular, just above the base of the third metatarsal.
What are sesamoid bones?
Small bones located within tendons, including those beneath the first metatarsal head.
How many phalanges are included in the toe anatomy?
All 14 phalanges.
What anatomy should be included on a toe projection?
Entire toes and distal portions of the metatarsals.
What is the purpose of separating the toes during imaging?
To prevent superimposition and demonstrate the toes clearly.
What is the collimation for AP toes?
2.5 cm (1 inch) on all sides of the toes.
What portion of the metatarsal should be included for the affected toe?
The entire metatarsal head.
What is the positioning for AP toes?
Place the sole of the foot on the IR and center the toes to the IR.
What should be included on an AP toes image?
Entire toes and distal metatarsals.
What should the toe separation look like on AP toes?
Toes should be separated from one another.
What should be absent on AP toes regarding rotation?
Rotation of the phalanges.
What is the CR angle for AP axial toes?
15° posteriorly.
Where is the CR centered for AP axial toes?
Third MTP joint.
How may the foot be elevated for AP axial toes?
On a 15° foam wedge.
How is the foot positioned for PA toes?
The dorsal aspect of the foot rests against the IR.
How are the toes positioned for PA toes?
Elevate them with one or two small sandbags until horizontal.
Where is the IR placed for PA toes?
Beneath the toes.
What is the collimation for PA toes?
2.5 cm (1 inch) on all sides.
What is the rotation for AP oblique toes?
30°-45° medial.
How is the foot rotated for AP oblique toes?
Rotate the lower leg and foot medially.
Where is the CR centered for the general toe projection?
Perpendicular to the third MTP joint.
Where is the CR centered for an individual first toe?
Perpendicular to the MTP joint.
What anatomy is demonstrated on oblique toes?
Toes, distal metatarsals, and oblique relationships of the phalanges and joints.
What should be demonstrated on an AP oblique toes image?
Entire toes and distal metatarsals, with toes separated.
How are toes positioned for lateral toe imaging?
In a true lateral position.
What may be used to separate toes for lateral imaging?
Gauze.
How can unaffected toes be moved away from the anatomy of interest?
Tape them away.
How should the long axis of the toe be positioned for a lateral toe?
Parallel to the IR.
Which lateral direction is used for the great and second toes?
Lateromedial.
Which lateral direction is used for toes 3-5?
Mediolateral.
Where is the CR centered for a lateral great toe?
Perpendicular to the IP joint.
Where is the CR centered for lateral toes 2-5?
Perpendicular to the PIP joint.
What should be demonstrated on a lateral toe image?
Lateral phalanges and IP articulations free of superimposition from adjacent toes.
What should be included on a lateral toe image?
The entire toe.
What should not be superimposed on a lateral toe image?
Adjacent toes.