Elizabethan England EVERYTHING

AQA GCSE History Elizabethan England - everything you need to know from the spec, includes nice stats and figures but also consequences and stuff

What was Elizabeth's attitude towards matters of faith?

she was a very moderate protestant and wanted to find a 'middle way between protestants and catholics

What in Elizabeth's childhood could explain her attitude towards matters of faith?

because Catherine Parr, who treated Elizabeth like a daughter, influenced her religious beliefs and she had experienced how Mary's strong catholic beliefs had resulted in a rebellion

What in Elizabeth's childhood could explain her keenness to avoid shedding blood?

she had experienced the execution of her mother, Anne Boleyn, in 1536 when she was only 2 years old

What in Elizabeth's childhood could explain her lack of interest in marriage?

she had experienced her father's unsuccessful marriages and been harassed by Thomas Seymour who had then tried to gain power by marrying her

What in Elizabeth's childhood could explain her interest in the wider world?

her education and fluency in multiple languages but her isolated childhood

What in Elizabeth's childhood could explain her awareness of the danger surrounding a female monarch?

both her intellect from her education and how she was nearly executed after the Wyatt Rebellion but also the way her father's wives had died

What in Elizabeth's childhood could explain her enjoyment outside of politics?

she had an isolated childhood and had to find other ways to enjoy herself, including music

What in Elizabeth's childhood could explain her understanding of remaining popular and creating a strong public image?

she was well-educated, including in public speaking, and saw how people had reacted to Mary as well as understanding how she seemed as a woman

What in Elizabeth's childhood could explain her way of playing her cards close to her chest?

she was well-educated and knew what it was like to be manipulated by men who wanted power

Who was Catherine Parr to Elizabeth?

the last wife of Henry VII acted as a mother figure and made sure she was educated and a protestant

Who was Thomas Seymour to Elizabeth?

her harasser and the person who made her be brought into questioning after his arrest

What happened when Mary became queen in 1553?

she was strongly catholic and ordered the burning of 300 protestants which made her unpopular and forced Elizabeth to hide her religious beliefs

What happened during the Wyatt Rebellion?

4000 troops marched to London angry that Mary was marrying the catholic king of Spain, with many wanting Elizabeth to be queen as she was a protestant

What happened to Elizabeth during the Wyatt Rebellion?

she was accused by Wyatt of supporting the rebellion which led to her arrest and near execution in the Tower of London where she was kept captive for a time

What strengths/positives were there with the problem of succession and marriage?

it was a fresh start + there was relief that Mary Tudor was no longer queen

What weaknesses/problems were there with the problem of succession and marriage concerning gender?

doubts on a woman ruling by herself

What weaknesses/problems were there with the problem of succession and marriage concerning marriage?

E was expected to marry and have children

What weaknesses/problems were there with the problem of succession and marriage concerning the pope?

potential for pope to excommunicate Elizabeth as he did not recognise Henry VIII’s marriage

What weaknesses/problems were there with the problem of succession and marriage concerning MQofS?

MQofS potentially dangerous with foreign and English support

What strengths/positives were there with the problem of religion?

many protestants were relieved when Elizabeth became queen

What weaknesses/problems were there with the problem of religion concerning Henry VIII?

Henry VIII had upset catholics as head of the church

What weaknesses/problems were there with the problem of religion concerning Mary tudor?

Mary had made the country Catholic again after Edward, which made her unpopular

What weaknesses/problems were there with the problem of religion concerning puritans?

Puritans returned, they wanted stricter church + pressure on catholics

What weaknesses/problems were there with the problem of religion concerning catholics?

Catholics had welcomed Mary Tudor’s changes

What strengths/positives were there with the problem of economy?

wealthy merchants from the wool industry

What weaknesses/problems were there with the problem of the economy concerning sheep farming?

more sheep meant labourers lost their jobs

What weaknesses/problems were there with the problem of the economy concerning the wool market?

wool market collapsed meaning spinners and weavers lost their jobs

What weaknesses/problems were there with the problem of the economy concerning tenant farmers?

tenant farmers = high rent

What weaknesses/problems were there with the problem of the economy concerning inflation?

prices increasing, afford less = slowed the economy

What weaknesses/problems were there with the problem of the economy concerning coinage?

coins had less gold (devaluing), this harmed trade and further increased prices

What strengths/positives were there with the problem of relations with other countries?

King Philip wanted a marriage, this could have meant an alliance with Spain and other Catholic countries

What weaknesses/problems were there with the problem of relations with other countries concerning power?

England was weaker than other countries

What weaknesses/problems were there with the problem of relations with other countries concerning wars?

France and England had gone to war in 1558

What weaknesses/problems were there with the problem of relations with other countries concerning France and Scotland?

France controlled Scotland because QofS was married to the heir to the French throne, she was also Elizabeth’s closest family, this led to French troops in Scotland - a threat to security

What weaknesses/problems were there with the problem of relations with other countries concerning territory?

lost Calais in 1558 - last French territory

What weaknesses/problems were there with the problem of relations with other countries concerning king Philip?

King Philip was powerful and wanted to marry Elizabeth but was extremely Catholic and might organise a war if England became protestant

What strengths/positives were there with the problem of government concerning religion?

monarch believed to be chosen by God to rule

What strengths/positives were there with the problem of government concerning systems?

Justices of the peace were an effective system

What strengths/positives were there with the problem of government concerning the Navy?

Navy had been strengthened by Mary - helped protect the coastline, she had also increased income

What strengths/positives were there with the problem of government concerning taxes?

meetings with parliament could be called to help make new laws or taxes

What weaknesses/problems were there with the problem of government concerning advisors?

Elizabeth inherited mainly Catholic ministers in her close advisors

What weaknesses/problems were there with the problem of government concerning the army?

there wasn’t enough money to pay for a full time army + protection

What weaknesses/problems were there with the problem of government concerning war and debt?

the war with France left them short of money and with debts of £300,000

What strengths/positives were there with the problem of society?

• 3 million population

• strict hierarchy

• loyalty taken seriously

What weaknesses/problems were there with the problem of society concerning women’s status?

women couldn’t own property + belonged to fathers/brothers then husbands

What weaknesses/problems were there with the problem of society concerning poverty?

poverty and unemployment was increasing

What weaknesses/problems were there with the problem of society concerning vagabondage?

vagabondage (wandering beggars as a result of poverty) was increasing this led to more fear of crime

What weaknesses/problems were there with the problem of society concerning illness?

the influenza killed thousands

What are the 5 Ps of power?

royal progresses, portraits, patronage, privy council and parliament

What were royal progresses?

journeys made by Queen Elizabeth I around England during her reign, where she travelled with her court, stayed at nobles’ houses, and appeared publicly to be seen by her subjects

How did royal progresses help Elizabeth maintain her authority amongst the common people?

they were useful propaganda as the common people could see her in all her splendour, wealth, power and beauty which led to loyalty

How did royal progresses help Elizabeth maintain her authority amongst the nobles?

it was a great privilege for nobles to host her but also meant she could keep an eye on powerful families

What drawbacks and limits were there to royal progresses?

• she never visited the southwest or north

• only travelled during the summer

• she travelled less over time as her reign progressed

On a scale of 1 to 10 how important were royal progresses on Elizabeth’s authority?

about 4

How did portraits help Elizabeth maintain her authority through templates?

they projected an image of royal authority from a strict template, control over her image to not show aging or weakness but instead power, strength and agelessness

How did portraits help Elizabeth maintain her authority through demonstrating loyalty?

a form of propaganda and show of loyalty through miniatures and frames displayed in homes

What drawbacks and limits were there to portraits?

• they were too expensive for ordinary people

• not accurate over time

On a scale of 1 to 10 how important were portraits on Elizabeth’s authority?

about 3

What was patronage?

a system used by Elizabeth to reward or punish people in return for loyalty, through giving land, protection, money and influence, or taking it away

How did patronage help Elizabeth maintain her authority?

• enabled her to create rivalries which stopped a united challenge against her

• ensures loyalty due to the threat of removal

• helped her stop one individual from getting too powerful

What drawbacks and limits were there to patronage?

the system created favourites and upset nobles

On a scale of 1 to 10 how important was patronage on Elizabeth’s authority?

about 10

What was the privy council?

a group of advisors and ministers chosen by Elizabeth to help her rule

How did the privy council help Elizabeth maintain her authority concerning religion?

she only promoted loyal supporters and men of high ability, not catholics who might challenge her religious position

How did the privy council help Elizabeth maintain her authority concerning advice she was given?

did not have to do what they suggested but often followed their advice

How did the privy council help Elizabeth maintain her authority concerning frequency of meetings?

met 2 or 3 times a week but more often during emergencies

How did the privy council help Elizabeth maintain her authority concerning how she chose members?

carefully chosen members meant she had control over spies, her safety, progresses, foreign contacts and intelligent advisors

How did the privy council help Elizabeth maintain her authority concerning the viewpoints presented to her?

included people with opposing views so she could have both sides of the argument, make an informed choice and always have some support

What drawbacks and limits were there to the privy council?

• was an exclusive group and very small, including only men

• had to meet more frequently over time

On a scale of 1 to 10 how important was the privy council on Elizabeth’s authority?

about 9

What was Elizabeth’s parliament?

a group composed of nobles and elected representatives that passed laws, approved taxes and discussed important issues to help govern England

How did parliament help Elizabeth maintain her authority concerning mps and discussions?

she had lots of control over the mps and discussions, little independence

How did parliament help Elizabeth maintain her authority concerning decisions?

she could veto anything

How did parliament help Elizabeth maintain her authority concerning how often they met?

they only met when she called them, 13 times in 45 years

How did parliament help Elizabeth maintain her authority concerning speeches?

she gave speeches to charm the mps

What drawbacks and limits were there to parliament concerning finances?

Elizabeth had to rely on them when facing financial problems due to their control over taxes

What drawbacks and limits were there to parliament concerning change over time?

they grew more confident over time and complained about her marital status and religion

On a scale of 1 to 10 how important was parliament on Elizabeth’s authority?

about 8

Who was Sir William Cecil/ Lord Burghley?

he was the secretary of state, in charge of finances as lord treasure, he was also E’s most influential advisor for 40 years

What was some background information on Cecil concerning his religion?

a moderate protestant

What was some background information on Cecil concerning his relations with others?

argued with Dudley, and was very shrewd politically and could persuade MP’s to support E’s ideas in parliament

Who was Sir Francis Walsingham?

he managed relations with foreign countries and oversaw a network of spies who uncovered plots against E, had the title of spy master

What was some background information on Walsingham concerning his religion?

a strong Puritan, who had fled during Mary’s reign

What was some background information on Walsingham concerning his relations with others?

sometimes clashed with Cecil and was Dudley’s ally

Who was Robert Dudley/ Earl of Leicester?

he was personally responsible for E’s safety as Master of the Horse and played a part in organising E’s coronation celebrations, a favourite + dancing partner + rumoured lover

What was some background information on Dudley concerning his religion?

radical puritan

What was some background information on Dudley concerning his relations with others?

clashed with Cecil and good relations with Walsingham, rivalries based on jealousy - wore light armour under clothes

Who was Sir Christopher Hatton?

he was the captain of the Queen’s bodyguard, and in charge of judges and law court as Lord Chancellor. He was responsible to organising E’s royal progresses

What was some background information on Hatton concerning his religion?

moderate protestant who hated puritans and sympathised with catholics

What was some background information on Hatton concerning his relations with others?

good relations with others, E relied on him to persuade MPs to pass laws and taxes

Who was Robert Devereux/ Earl of Essex?

a military hero with experience of fighting abroad, asked to lead troops to crush the uprising in Ireland. He had influence over military campaigns and voyages of exploration

What was some background information on Devereux concerning his religion?

puritan, but religion did not play a large part in his life

What was some background information on Devereux concerning his personality?

young, eloquent and good-looking, a favourite with E and popular, but arrogant and short-tempered

What was some background information on Devereux concerning his family connections?

son of E’s cousin and step-son of Dudley

What was some background information on Devereux concerning his relations with others?

rivalry between him and Robert Cecil, William Cecil’s shrewd and hard-working son

What was the reason for Elizabeth to marry (tudor line)?

needed an heir of continue the Tudor line

What was the reason for Elizabeth to marry (relations)?

powerful alliance if foreign

What was the reason for Elizabeth to marry (public)?

public expectations and pressure from parliament and church

What was the reason for Elizabeth to marry (gender)?

she was a female in power and so had less authority

What was a reason for Elizabeth not to marry (liberty)?

limit personal freedom