Chapter 27: Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the Twenty-First Century

The primary goal of conservative regimes in Latin America after World War II was to __________.

maintain the status quo

Unlike the Mexican revolutionaries of the 1910s, revolutionaries in post-World War II Latin America could model their reforms on the newer philosophy of __________.

Marxian socialism

During the early 1950s, pressures on the U.S. government by the United Fruit Company resulted in __________.

a C.I.A.-assisted military coup in Guatemala

Although the results of Fidel Castro's Cuban revolution were mixed, its greatest gains were in __________.

creating a wide variety of social and educational programs

By the 1970s, the philosophy of liberation theology used by the Catholic church in Latin America to improve conditions for the poor combined Catholic doctrine with __________.

socialist principles

One feature common to the military regimes that took over various Latin American governments during the 1960s and 1970s was a strong __________.

sense of nationalism

By the mid-1980s, most governments in Latin America that had been under military control began to __________.

transition to civilian leadership

In many contemporary Latin American societies, relations with the indigenous people are characterized by __________.

exploitation and discrimination

The political system in Mexico was under the control of the __________ from the 1940s until the 2000 presidential election.

Party of the Institutionalized Revolution (PRI)

The activist position taken by Catholic clergy in Latin America during the late twentieth century provoked attacks against the ministry, including the 1980 assassination of __________.

Archbishop Oscar Romero of El Salvador

The first Latin American nation to extend suffrage to women was __________.

Ecuador

The work of women such as Nicaragua's Violeta Chamorro and Argentina's Cristina Kirchner demonstrated that Latin American women had greater opportunities to __________.

serve as presidents of their countries

In 1950, the population of Latin America was the same as the population of the United States and Canada combined (about 165 million). By 1985, the population of the United States and Canada combined had increased to 265 million while the population of Latin America had __________.

more than doubled

Although Latin America had been independent for more than a century, the decolonization movement that took place in Africa and Asia during the Cold War encouraged restiveness about __________ in this region.

continued economic dependency

During the 1950s, radical reform movements in Latin American nations, such as Bolivia and Guatemala, resulted in __________.

military takeovers of the national government

In 1982, Argentina was involved in an unsuccessful war with __________ over ownership of the Falkland Islands.

Great Britain

__________ was the Cuban dictator overthrown by Fidel Castro in the 1959 Cuban revolution.

Fulgencio Batista

Resistance to U.S. military intervention in __________ during the 1930s was led by Augusto Sandino.

Nicaragua

In several nations, such as the Dominican Republic, extending suffrage to women was a strategy used by __________ to keep themselves in power.

conservative governments

Argentine Jorge Luis Borges and Colombian Gabriel García Marquez were some of Latin America's most prominent twentieth-century __________.

writers

Revolutionaries found it difficult to establish radical governments in Latin America during the postwar era due mainly to __________.

lack of agreement among the population

In 2012, after a 12-year absence, the Party of the Institutionalized Revolution (PRI) regained power in Mexico from the National Action party (PAN) due to __________.

growing violence from drug cartels and political corruption

The threat raised by __________ led to greater military interventions in the governments of some Latin American nations during the 1960s and 1970s.

Fidel Castro's successful revolution in Cuba

Many Latin American writers during the 1960s used "magical realism" in their works because __________.

Latin American reality was too absurd to be described by traditional methods

Compared to Argentine president Juan Perón and Brazilian president Getúlio Vargas, Guatemalan presidents Juan José Arevalo and Colonel Jacobo Arbenz were __________.

more radical in their attempts to bring reform to their homeland

What can be said of Cuba's foreign relations after Fidel Castro solidified his power there during the 1960s?

Cuba became more dependent on support from the Soviet Union after breaking off relations with the United States.

Autobiographies by Bolivian Domitila Barrios de Chungara and Rigoberta Menchú, a Quiché Indian from Guatemala, convey the difficulties faced by __________.

poor and indigenous Latin American women who called for greater social reform

The United States took a pragmatist approach to human rights violations in Latin America when it overlooked __________.

the repressive military regime in Chile that followed the overthrow of socialist president Salvador Allende

In his poem "The United Fruit Co.," Chilean poet Pablo Neruda described __________ in Central America as "circus flies, wise flies, learned in tyranny" who buzzed over the graves of the people.

dictators

Compared to organized labor and the working classes in nineteenth-century Western Europe, the working class in contemporary Latin America is __________.

unable to operate effectively in politics because of strong nationalist and populist trends in government

The bureaucratic authoritarian regimes imposed by the military in several Latin American nations during the 1960s and 1970s can be described as governments in which __________.

policies were created and applied through a military chain of command

The need for __________ was one major reason a radical political revolution was attempted in Bolivia during the 1950s.

equitable land redistribution

"We have nothing to lose.... We are the descendants of those who truly built this nation, we are the millions of the dispossessed, and we call upon our brethren to join our crusade, the only option to avoid dying of starvation!" was part of the declaration written by the __________.

Zapatistas

Migration from Cuba between Fidel Castro's revolution in 1959 and the flight of Cuban workers during the 1980s totaled approximately __________ people.

1 million

Guatemala was the first nation to implement long-term radical solutions because __________.

a large number of its indigenous people lived in poverty and squalor

During the postwar era, traditional patterns of inequality and international disadvantages in Latin America remained unresolved due mainly to this region's continued __________.

dependence on the world's consumption of its raw materials

Banana republics were Latin American nations whose governments were __________.

U.S.-friendly conservative dictatorships that were established after direct interventions by the United States

The development of lithography made it possible for post-World War II Latin American revolutionaries to communicate their messages to a broad public through __________.

posters

One of the issues from the aftermath of the 1959 Cuban revolution that remains unclear is __________.

what philosophy Fidel Castro intended to implement in initiating reform in Cuba

After World War II, the Cold War stimulated new revolutionary action in Latin America through the __________.

popularity of several Marxist ideas and a greater influence from the Soviet Union

Latin American reformers and revolutionaries during the postwar era frequently excluded women from political involvement in their regimes because women __________.

were considered to be too conservative because of their religious devotion to the Catholic church

When Archbishop Dom Helder da Camara stated, "The trouble with Brazil is not an excess of communist doctrine but a lack of Christian justice," he reflected the point of view of a __________.

liberation theologist

Many recent migrants to large Latin American urban centers __________.

live in squalid shantytowns known as favelas

In 1945, the governments of several key Latin American countries, such as Argentina and Brazil, were dominated by __________.

authoritarian reformers who ruled through a combination of populism and severe political repression

What was ironic about the results of the 1954 military coup in Guatemala?

The reforms that presidents Arevalo and Arbenz implemented were quite mild compared to future radical reforms in Latin America.

One reason the U.S. government decided to support a military coup in Guatemala in 1954 was its __________.

fear of "communist" influences in the Guatemalan government

Although Guatemala and Cuba both experienced political revolutions in the 1950s, one thing that made the Cuban revolution different was __________.

the presence of a large Cuban middle class with higher standards of literacy and healthcare

The Good Neighbor Policy that was intended to halt direct U.S. intervention in Latin American politics was introduced by President __________.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Rigoberta Menchú, a Quiché Indian from Guatemala, noted that political action to achieve social reform in her homeland was difficult because of __________.

the ethnic divisions between Indians and ladinos

What can be said about the role of women in the Latin American workforce during most of the twentieth century?

Women's jobs, regardless of skill level, were considered to be unskilled positions.