Biological Evolution: disadvantages of bipedalism

Describe the development of back issues due to bipedalism

Upright walking puts full upper-body weight on the spine, so back pain and slipped discs are common. These injuries can seriously limit movement, making it hard to find food or escape danger.

Explain why hernias occur linking to bipedalism

Upright posture shifts organ pressure onto the lower abdomen. This can cause weak spots in the muscle wall, leading to organs pushing through (hernia potentially fatal)

explain difficulties of child birth due to bipedalism

Bipedalism narrowed the birth canal, while bigger brains increased head size. This means human babies are born earlier (less developed) and childbirth is difficult and risky

explain the danger of flat feet due to bipedalism

Long-term bipedal walking can weaken the foot arch, causing it to flatten. This reduces shock absorption, making walking painful and less efficient