Metacognition Module #3: How Memory Works

Vocabulary flashcards covering the Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model, control processes, rehearsal strategies, and common learning misconceptions.

Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model

A memory framework (also known as the Modal Model or the Three-Box model) asserting that memory consists of three distinct systems: sensory memory (SM), short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM).

Sensory Memory (SM)

The initial memory store where stimulus information from the world enters and is held for an instant before unattended information is lost through decay.

Short-Term Memory (STM)

The memory system where attended information is consciously processed for approximately $30\,\text{seconds}$, and from which unrehearsed information is lost through forgetting.

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

The memory system with the goal of storing information indefinitely; information within it can become inaccessible or lost due to interference.

Attention

A primary control process that allows incoming information to pass and be encoded from sensory memory (SM) into short-term memory (STM), preventing immediate decay.

Rehearsal

A control process that allows information to be maintained in short-term memory (STM) and encoded into long-term memory (LTM) for permanent retention.

Decay

The rapid loss or fading of unattended stimulus information directly from sensory memory (SM).

Interference

The disruption or loss of unretrieved information stored in long-term memory (LTM).

Retrieval practice

The cognitive act of pulling information out of long-term memory (LTM) back into short-term memory (STM) to review it, which strengthens the memory trace and increases resistance to interference.

Maintenance rehearsal

The process of simply repeating information over and over within short-term memory (STM), such as re-reading textbook chapters or notes, which serves as an ineffective study strategy.

Elaborative rehearsal

An effective encoding strategy that involves actively thinking about the meaning of new information and connecting it to existing knowledge already stored in memory.

Mnemonic device

An elaborative rehearsal tool used to remember complex information by associating it with a structured acronym or phrase, such as using OCEAN for the Big Five Personality Traits.

Chunking

An elaborative rehearsal technique that involves organizing separate pieces of information into smaller, meaningful groups, such as breaking a social security number into $3$ chunks.

Learning styles theory

A widespread educational myth asserting that individuals learn best when taught according to one of four specific modalities (visual, auditory, reading/writing, or kinesthetic), despite having no scientific evidence.

Multitasking

The mistaken belief that one can attend to multiple cognitive tasks simultaneously; in reality, it involves rapid task-switching that increases errors, slows completion times, lowers productivity, and contributes to burnout.

Monotasking

The practice of deliberately focusing attention on only one task at a time, which research demonstrates improves both task accuracy and efficiency.